scholarly journals Rethinking of the Pan-Epic Value Category “Heroic Anger” in Russian Bylinas: The Knight’s “Fury / Resentment” as a Christian Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-75
Author(s):  
Arseny S. Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Epic Hero ◽  
Public Evaluation ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The One

Purpose. The article examines the concept of anger, which should be placed among the central concepts of the world’s folk epics. Results. According to axiological analysis, pre-Christian epic poetry renders anger as a certain “indicator” of heroic nature peculiar to this or that character: the epic hero is “obliged” to feel this emotion when public evaluation of his personal honor (the one made either by his relatives or his bride, lord, rival, etc.) does not meet his own idea of those honors which should be granted to him as a possessor of miraculous strength. Such an underestimation is treated by the character as a kind of disgrace, and, consequently, provokes his anger – a feeling that induces him to restore “justice” through violent means. Russian folk epics, however, should be considered as a principal exception from this rule: bylinas don’t render the “fury” – or the “resentment” – of the knight as his response to the underestimation of personal honor. In Russian heroic songs, the pagan understanding of anger mentioned above is replaced by a new treatment of this feeling: now, anger is conceived as a manifestation of “love-eagerness” focused on those external realities and objective categories, which presuppose their own “honor”. Also, bylinas are remarkably distinct from other folk epics by their two opposed types of heroic characters: here, we find both “pagan knights” (Volkh, Dunay, Vasiliy Buslaev, Ivan Godinovich, Sukhman) and “Christian knights” (Ilya, Dobrynya, Alesha, Mikula, etc.). If the former ones are angry because of their personal disgrace (and, as a rule, perish), the latter ones become angry when certain individuals, objects, and value categories (“God’s law”, “honorable icons”, widows, orphans, etc.) are insulted or devoid of their sacredness; in bylinas, these heroes are invariably rendered as victorious, though their feats – the ones caused by “fury” and “eagerness” – do not increase their own property honor. Conclusion. Among the world’s folk epics, only Russian bylinas render the hero’s anger as a Christian concept presupposing both righteous zeal and love.

Public Evaluation of Municipal Water Reuse Alternatives

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1537-1543 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Bruvold
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Population Surveys ◽  
Short List ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Public Evaluation ◽  
Technical Planning ◽  
The One

Models recommended for public involvement in environmental planning call for: 1) early and full involvement with technical planners from the start, 2) involvement at an intermediate phase once technical planners have developed a short list of the most feasible alternatives, and 3) later involvement only by ratification of the one alternative selected and developed by technical planners. The present study reports results assessing public involvement in planning at the intermediate phase using results from three general population surveys of the greater San Diego area done in 1989, 1990, and 1991 which dealt with municipal water reuse alternatives. Feasibility of the intermediate approach was demonstrated by correspondence between survey and technical planning evaluations and by consistency between and within survey findings.

Thermodynamic studies in solution. Part IV. Solvent effect on the solvolysis of tert-butyl chloride. A new treatment of the experimental data

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim Jose Moura Ramos ◽  
Jacques Reisse ◽  
M. H. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solvent Effect ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Butyl Chloride ◽  
Activation Free Energy ◽  
Tert Butyl ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The One ◽  
Activated Complex ◽  
Tert Butyl Chloride

A new treatment of the solvent effect on the solvolysis of tert-butyl chloride is proposed. This treatment is based on activation free energy measurements and on transfer free energy measurements of the reactant (R) on the one hand and of a model (M) of the activated complex (AC) on the other hand. Solute–solvent interaction free energies for the reactant, the activated complex and the model compound are estimated. This estimation involves the calculation of the free energy of cavity formation of these various solutes (R, AC, and M) in all the solvents. These cavity terms, which are a function of the cohesive properties of the solvent and of the surface of the cavity do not reflect the electronic structure of the solute whereas the interaction free energy term does. The method we propose can be described as a new 'experimental' approach for the study of the charge separation in an activated complex.

Iuwers zornes unmâze / missevellet uns sêre – Legitimität von Maßlosigkeit im mittelalterlichen Erzählkosmos

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28
Author(s):  
Amelie Bendheim
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epic Hero ◽  
Heroic Epic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flore Und Blanscheflur ◽  
The One ◽  
History Of Literature ◽  
Historical Epoch ◽  
Flexible Model

AbstractStarting from the deficiencies of current approaches regarding the description of the hero in medieval narratives, this article aims to functionalise exorbitance (unmâze) as a new category of literary history. Unlike the conceptual and binary typing of the protagonist as ‘hero’ resp. ‘knight’, this category promotes a flexible model that operates relationally and hence enables gradual differentiations between the texts.Examples of medieval (heroic) epic (‘Nibelungenlied’) and (chivalric) romance (‘Flore und Blanscheflur’, ‘Wigalois’) will show the narrative treatment and stylisation of the exorbitant hero. The focus will be on the varying assessments of his acts: If the epic hero is able to defy social norms and current laws (cf. Siegfried’s courtship, Hagen’s murdering of Siegfried) without being penalised, the exorbitance in the romance falls within the scope of ‘ratio’. Thus, exorbitance is on the one hand confined and ‘assessed’, on the other hand excessive acts are rigorously sanctioned and inhibited. Referring to the current manifestations of exorbitance in the socio-political context, the concept of exorbitance emerges as an unchanged productive pattern. Its socio-political relevance encourages a literary-historical, epoch-spanning use of this concept, whose scope is a re-assessment of the history of literature as the history of exorbitance.

Honor and the Epic Hero: A Study of the Shifting Concept of Magnanimity in Philosophy and Epic Poetry

1961 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
A. E. Raubitschek ◽  
Maurice B. McNamee
Keyword(s):  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Epic Hero

Cognitive Therapy of Obsessive – compulsive Disorder: Treating Treatment Failures

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Salkovskis ◽  
Hilary M. C. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Behavioural Interventions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The One ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural Interventions

Foa (1979) has identified two groups of obsessional patients for whom behaviour therapy is ineffective; those with severe concurrent depression and those with “overvalued ideation”. She has also highlighted the need for the development of new treatment strategies for these individuals. A case history illustrating the development of overvalued ideation in a previously typical obsessional patient is described, together with an account of a successful treatment based on Beck's cognitive therapy combined with exposure. The implications of this report for views on the development of overvalued ideation in obsessionals are discussed. It is argued that cognitive–behavioural interventions such as the one described here may be useful as an adjunct to more traditional behavioural treatments for obsessional disorders as well as in the treatment of patients with overvalued ideation.

scholarly journals Defeating Patriarchy on Its Own Terms: The Paradox of Female Chastity in Krittivasa’s Ramayana

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Saumitra Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Female Empowerment ◽  
Epic Hero ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
Spiritual Energy ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The One ◽  
Sanskrit Epic

<em>This essay attempts to analyze the role of women in the Bengali Ramayana of Krittivasa, a regional version of the original Sanskrit epic composed by Valmiki. It does so from the perspective of the strict code of female chastity enshrined in a patriarchal society and enforced upon its women by their male guardians within and beyond the home. While on the one hand, it is an instrument of female subjugation, this essay make an attempt to analyze how the strict observance of this code by the women in the epic, makes it a weapon of female empowerment across the different strata of society through which the text operates. The powerful spiritual energy generated in the process by these women can threaten even the most powerful of patriarchs including the epic hero Rama himself.</em>

scholarly journals Voices of the dead: Underworld narratives in Bacchylides’ Ode 5 and Odyssey 11

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-305
Author(s):  
George A. Gazis
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Epic Hero ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lyric Poet ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The One ◽  
Subjective View

Abstract This article identifies the influence of the Homeric ‘Poetics of Hades’ in Greek Lyric and argues for an aetiological relationship between the persistent presentation of the lyric poet’s subjective voice and the freedom of speech introduced in Homer’s Underworld. The article demonstrates this relationship through an examination of Bacchylides’ Ode 5 and argues that the lyric poet consciously innovates upon Homer’s underworld narratives by allowing his Meleager to occupy the stage and takes the audience through his agonising last minutes by describing what dying feels like in his own voice. In doing so, Bacchylides presents his audeience with a Meleager who glosses over his heroic actions and moments of glory in favour for a more emotional and subjective view of his past, filled with regret and self-pity. In this respect the hero is no different from the ghost of Achilles who dismisses honour after death for the simple privilege of seeing the light of the sun, or Agamemnon who is consumed by the memory of his wife’s treachery while having nothing to say about his glorious exploits at Troy. This powerful retelling of the story of a great epic hero of the past looks, I argue, simultaneously backwards and forwards, since on the one hand it is inherited from Homer’s ‘Poetics of Hades’, while on the other, it anticipates the emotional and unmediated voices of the heroes and heroines of the tragic stage.

Experiments to determine the precise effect of Bromide of Potassium in Epilepsy

1868 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Clouston
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
General Question ◽  
Systematic Effort ◽  
Indian Hemp ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Truth ◽  
Sedative Drugs ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Mind

What asylum physician is there, who, in prescribing drugs for his patients, has any approach to a feeling of certainty that these drugs will have the effect he anticipates? I refer more particularly to sedative drugs. Is there any such physician who will lay down a rule by which it may be known whether opium, hyoscyamus, Indian hemp, or bromide of potassium is the best medicine to be given in a particular case? We have the statements of individual authors in regard to the right mode of giving some of these drugs, but after all those are merely opinions founded on most limited observations, and lack the exactitude of research, and the numerical basis on which alone scientific truth is founded. It is no wonder that many of our specialty are sceptics in regard to medical treatment in insanity, when we generally find that the advocates of particular medicines, or of special modes of administering them, merely give us “selected” cases. To anyone who has read something of the history of medicine, it seems a mere waste of words to advocate any new treatment of a disease, except it is clearly shown that the spirit of fairness and scientific impartiality has regulated the observations on which the would-be conclusions are founded. And as for discussing and quarrelling over the general question of the good effects of medical treatment versus moral treatment, surely the energy and acuteness so expended would be employed to far more purpose in observing and recording facts, so that we might have something certain on which to base an argument on the one side or the other. And by observing facts, I do not mean vaguely noticing the course of certain random cases subjected to unsystematic and desultory treatment, and accepting the confused impression of the result left on the mind as scientific truth, on which an argument may be founded or a boon to humanity conferred. It is surely possible for the physicians of asylums to combine their opportunities for observing the treatment of disease in one vast and systematic effort, all working on the same plans, and all adopting the same conditions. What accuracy might we not acquire in our notions as to the effects of morphia given in melancholia, if the drug was tried in the case of every melancholic patient in all our asylums for a year, and an accurate record of the results drawn up? The idea may seem in many respects chimerical and absurd, but it seems questionable if much accuracy in therapeutics will ever be attained until something of the kind is done. There is no single man who has opportunity sufficient to solve such a problem, except by careful experiments extending over years, and we know how difficult it is for a physician to continue careful experiments over long periods. And surely this exact, scientific, and statistical age will not allow the present state of utter doubt to continue much longer without making at least an effort to dispel it. We require to know the full and true result of giving drugs in every case, and not merely in a few favourable cases which may be natural recoveries.

New treatment of the one-particle continuum in nuclear reaction theory

1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Barrett ◽  
P. P. Delsanto
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reaction ◽  
Reaction Theory ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The One

scholarly journals A Systematic Approach for Introduction of Novel Treatments to a Chronic Patient Group: sacubitril-valsartan as a case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Norberg ◽  
Ellinor Bergdahl ◽  
Karin Hellström Ängerud ◽  
Krister Lindmark
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Clinical Registries ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
The One

Abstract Background When novel treatments prove to be better than conventional therapy there is a need for effective introduction, both for cost-effectiveness and to minimize patient suffering. Effective implementation is a challenge in patients with chronic diseases who may be treated both in primary care and/or specialist clinics. Studies have shown that introduction is often unnecessary delayed. Our aims were to develop a model for systematic introduction and to test the feasibility of this model on a new treatment of a chronic disease. We also investigated how such an approach would be received by the patients. Methods The systematic introduction approach is a seven step procedure; Step 1 - define a few main criteria for the specific therapy, Step 2 – primary scan patients with the one or two main criteria using computerised medical records, databases or clinical registries, Step 3 – identify patients applying the other predefined criteria, Step 4 - evaluate if any examinations or laboratory test updates are required, Step 5 - summon identified patients to the clinic with an information letter, Step 6 – discuss treatment with the patient and prescribe to appropriate patients, Step 7 – follow-up on initiated therapy and evaluate the applied process. The model was tested in a case study during introduction of the new drug sacubitril-valsartan in a heart failure population. Patient experiences with the approach were investigated in an interview study with general inductive approach using qualitative content analysis. Results By applying the systematic introduction approach in the case study, 76 out of 1924 patients were identified to be eligible for sacubitril-valsartan and summoned to the clinic to discuss treatment. The content analysis resulted in three final categories of how the model was received by the patients; A good approach , Role of the information letter , and Trust in care . Conclusions The systematic introduction approach ensures that strict criteria are used in the selection process and that a treatment can be implemented in eligible patients within a specified population with limited resources and time. The model was effective in our case study and maintained the patient’s confidence in health care.

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