Virus-like Particles‑Application in Nano Vaccines: A Review

Nanomaterials are increasingly applied to develop new vaccines with new strategies. Implementation of such substances in vaccines will enhance vaccine formula immunogenicity, target delivery, and antigen stability control release. Genetically engineered virus-like particles (VLPs), structurally mimic the viruses and had been successfully used as nano vaccines. VLPs-based vaccines possess the advantage of being safe, effective, and non-infectious. Moreover, due to the optimized nano-size and repetitive structural units of the VLPs, it is suspected that those particles are highly immunogenic, even in absence of adjuvant substances. VLPs could be formulated to carry an array of heterogeneous antigens of different viruses. For all, they are considered as ideal nano vaccine model.

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Efficient Encapsulation of Fe3O4Nanoparticles into Genetically Engineered Hepatitis B Core Virus-Like Particles Through a Specific Interaction for Potential Bioapplications

Small ◽

10.1002/smll.201401952 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (9-10) ◽

pp. 1190-1196 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Lihua Shen ◽

Jun Zhou ◽

Yixiao Wang ◽

Ning Kang ◽

Xuebin Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Specific Interaction ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Virus Like Particles

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Asymmetric Synthesis of C1-Chiral THIQs with Imines in Isoquinoline Rings

Synthesis ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1707206 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (22) ◽

pp. 3337-3355

Author(s):

Dan Li ◽

Wei Gao ◽

Xiaochao Chen

Keyword(s):

Asymmetric Synthesis ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Asymmetric Reactions ◽

Structural Units ◽

Mannich Reactions ◽

Asymmetric Reaction ◽

Azomethine Imines ◽

Catalytic Asymmetric ◽

Further Development ◽

New Strategies

Tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) scaffolds are important structural units that widely exist in a variety of natural alkaloids and synthetic analogues. Asymmetric synthesis of C1-chiral THIQ is of particular importance due to its significant pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and other biological activities, and the usually distinct bioactivities exhibited by the two enantiomers. In this review, we highlight the significant advances achieved in this field, present recent asymmetric synthesis with imines in isoquinoline rings ordered according to the sequence of various substrate types. New strategies could be inspired and more types of substrates need further development.1 Introduction2 Catalytic Asymmetric Reaction of Dihydroisoquinolines2.1 Asymmetric Reactions of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolines2.2 Asymmetric Reactions of Dihydroisoquinolinium Salts2.3 Asymmetric Reactions of C,N-Cyclic N′-Acyl Azomethine Imines2.3.1 NED [3+2] Cycloaddition of C,N-Cyclic N′-Acyl Azomethine Imines2.3.2 IED [3+2] Cycloaddition of C,N-Cyclic N′-Acyl Azomethine Imines2.3.3 [3+3] Cycloaddition of C,N-Cyclic N′-Acyl Azomethine Imines2.3.4 [4+3] Cycloaddition of C,N-Cyclic N′-Acyl Azomethine Imines2.3.5 Asymmetric Addition Reactions to C,N-Cyclic N′-Acyl Azomethine Imines2.4 Asymmetric Reactions of C,N-Cyclic Nitrones3 Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of Isoquinolines4 Conclusions and Perspectives

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Basophils, a neglected minority in the immune system, have come into the limelight at last

International Immunology ◽

10.1093/intimm/dxab021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hajime Karasuyama ◽

Sho Shibata ◽

Soichiro Yoshikawa ◽

Kensuke Miyake

Keyword(s):

Mast Cells ◽

Protective Immunity ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Genetically Engineered Mice ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

Human Basophils ◽

Paul Ehrlich ◽

New Strategies

Abstract Basophils, the rarest granulocytes, were identified by Paul Ehrlich more than 140 years ago, much earlier than the discovery of T and B cells. Unfortunately, basophils were often mixed up with tissue-resident mast cells because of some phenotypic similarities between them and considered erroneously as minor relatives or blood-circulating precursors of mast cells. Moreover, basophil research was hindered by the rarity of basophils and the paucity of useful analytical tools, and therefore basophils had often been neglected in immunological studies. A series of studies using newly developed tools, including basophil-depleting antibodies and genetically engineered mice deficient only in basophils, have clearly defined previously unrecognized roles of basophils, that are distinct from those played by tissue-resident mast cells. In this mini-review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of basophil functions, particularly focusing on their roles in the regulation of innate and acquired immunity, allergic reactions, autoimmunity and protective immunity against parasitic infections, mainly based on animal studies. Further studies on human basophils would facilitate the development of new strategies for the treatment of basophil-associated disorders.

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