Immune cell targeting nanoparticles: a review

Immune cells are attractive targets for therapy as they are direct participants in a variety of diseases. Delivering a therapeutic agent only to cells that act on a disease by distinguishing them from other cells has the advantage of concentrating the therapeutic effect and lowering systemic side effects. Distinguishing each immune cell from other immune cells to deliver substances, including drugs and genes, can be achieved using nanotechnology. And also nanoparticles can ensure in vivo stability and sustained drug release. In addition, there is an ease of surface modification, which is an important characteristic that can be utilized in targeted drug delivery systems. This characteristic allows us to utilize various properties that are specifically expressed in each immune cell. A number of studies have delivered various substances specifically to immune cells through surface engineering with active target ligands that can target each immune cell and enzyme-responsive coating, and demonstrated high therapeutic effects compared to conventional treatments. Progress in research on target delivery has been suggested to be a breakthrough for the treatments of various diseases, including cancer treatment.

One-Pot Preparation of Ultra-Small Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Cis-Platinum to Combat Lung Cancer

The cis-platinum (CDDP) is a first line chemotherapeutics drugs to combat lung cancer. However, its efficacy is largely limited due to the off-target delivery and multidrug resistance (MDR) upon in vivo applications. In order to solve this problem, here in our study, we prepared ultra-small lipidpolymer nanoparticles (USLPNPs) using one-pot method and to load CDDP (USLPNPs-CDDP) for the effective lung cancer therapy. Our results showed that the size of USLPNPs-CDDP was 20 nm and the stability of this platform was high. The sustained drug release afforded the long-lasting administration of CDDP to treat cancers. Most importantly, the USLPNPs-CDDP was able to bypass the CDDP resistance of A549/CDDP cells, which resulted in better anticancer benefits as compared to free CDDP both in vitro and in vivo.

Multiplex viral tropism assay in complex cell populations with single-cell resolution

Gene therapy constitutes one of the most promising modes of disease treatments. Two key properties for therapeutic delivery vectors are the transduction efficiency (how well the vector delivers therapeutic cargo to desired target cells) and specificity (how well it avoids off-target delivery into the other unintended cells within the body). Here we developed a novel technology that enables multiplex measurement of transduction efficiency and specificity, particularly by measuring how libraries of delivery vectors transduce libraries of diverse cell types. We demonstrated that pairing high-throughput measurement of AAV identity with high-resolution single-cell RNA transcriptomic sequencing maps how natural and engineered AAV variants transduce individual cells within human cerebral and ocular organoids. This library-on-library technology is important for determining the safety and efficacy of therapeutic delivery vectors.

Novel Methodology for Delivering Putrescine into the Apple Explants Using Hormone Anchored Nanotube

Multi wall carbon nanotubes have been successfully exploited as growth regulator for manipulation of plant development. Also, nanoparticles are gradually involved in target delivery systems as the carrier of hormones. Polyamines and their derivations play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Take the mentioned subjects into consideration, putrescine anchored carbon nanotube which had been labeled with fluorescein was synthetized in this study. A set of physiological and morphological parameters were assessed in an attempt to examine the usage potential of de novo synthetized nanotube in terms of plant in-vitro culture. For this purpose, the nanotube was applied onto the in-vitro plantlets of Malus niedzwetzkyana in three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg/l). Localization of the nanotube in the plantlets was accomplished using fluorescence microscopy. Bio-imaging of tissues indicated the existence of nanotube in nearly all studied organs. Application of the nanotube at both concentrations (50 and 100 mg/l) increased the rate of leaf formation and speeding up the plastochron. Also, proliferation of the plantlets was enhanced using the nanotube. The levels of the photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids increased following application of the nanotube. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly affected by the nanotube. However, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were not influenced by the nanotube. Stomatal density was increased by treatment of the plantlets with the nanotube. Representing geometrical transformation of shape as a thin plate spline revealed that the nanotube effectively increased longitudinally of stomata and changes their aspect ratio.

Exosomal miRNA diagnostic and gene therapy tools

The field of miRNA-based therapies is constantly expanding as a result of substantial research conducted across the world. Exosomal origin must be addressed for the use of exosomal miRNA in cancer diagnostics. A uniform procedure for exosome separation and detection should be devised, as current approaches have various limitations. More research on maximizing the benefits of target variety while avoiding off-target impacts is needed. miRNAs are involved in a number of cancer-related pathways, as well as developmental and regulatory processes. miRNAs control a large number of genes. The possibility of miRNA treatments having an off-target impact is a serious worry. Various techniques, including viral, nonviral, and chemical alterations, are recommended to improve target delivery. Nanoparticle-based delivery is being studied extensively, and attempts are being made to reduce toxicity and cellular accumulation. Next-generation sequencing of miRNAs is being used to study the functions that miRNA can play as a biomarker for diagnosis, detection, and prognosis. Several miRNA signatures unique to cancer types have evolved, with some of them now being tested in therapeutic studies. Antisense oligonucleotides that block miRNIs, tumor and CSC-targeted nanoparticle treatment, and combination treatment with chemotherapeutic agents are all promising clinical strategies for cancer personalized medicine.