scholarly journals TRITRICHOMONAS BATRACHORUM PERTY FROM SOME COLOMBIAN TOADS

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corneles J. Marinkelle
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
The Difference

The Colombian toads Bufo marinus, B. typhonius ockerdeni, B. guttatus and B. blombergi were infested with Tritrichomonas batrachorum. Samples of feces obtained directly from live toads and cultures made of the flagellates. Uninfected B. marinus were kept with individuals of B. typhonius ockerdeni harbouring small T. batrachorum. After 42 days all B. marinus were infested with T. batrachorum of the large strain, originally isolated from that host species. Ingestion of trophozoites and cysts is considered to be the normal route of entry. The trichomonads fit the original description of T. batrachorum and the difference in size is considered to be due to host adaptation. T. batrachorum has not yet been recorded for Colombia, and all toads except B. marinus are new hosts.

scholarly journals Helminths parasites of freshwater fishes from Pirassununga, SP, Brazil

1985 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kohn ◽  
B. M. M. Fernandes ◽  
B. Macedo ◽  
B. Abramson
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Locality Record ◽  
New Host ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Digenetic Trematodes ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
First Time

Twelve species of parasitic helminths, seven trematodes, four nematodes and one acanthocephalan are reported from various hosts. Creptotrema lynchi, a parasite from Bufo marinus in Colombia, is described for the first time in fish and from Brazil, parasitizing two different species. A list of the host species, measurements and figures of most parasites are included with particular reference to the tegument of Bellumcorpus major recovered from a new host. The genus Zonocotyloides Padilha, 1978 is considered a synonym of Zonocotyle and the new combination: Zonocotyle haroltravassosi is proposed to the species Zonocotyloides haroltravassosi Padilha, 1978. The nematodes Cucullanus pinnai and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and the trematode Pararhipidocotyle jeffersoni are reported in new hosts. The description of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus curemais (new locality record) is supplemented. Other parasites recovered include the nematodes Travnema travnema (new locality record), Rondonia rondoni and the digenetic trematodes Cladocystis intestinalis, Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (new locality record), Teratotrema sp. and Zonocotyle bicaecata.

The Further Exploration of Applying Small-Strain and Large-Strain Formulations to SMA

2012 ◽  
Vol 529 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Jie Yao ◽  
Yong Hong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Proportional Loading ◽  
The Difference

Recently, our research team has been considering to applying shape memory alloys (SMA) constitutive model to analyze the large and small deformation about the SMA materials because of the thermo-dynamics and phase transformation driving force. Accordingly, our team use simulations method to illustrate the characteristics of the model in large strain deformation and small strain deformation when different loading, uniaxial tension, and shear conditions involve in the situations. Furthermore, the simulation result unveils that the difference is nuance concerning the two method based on the uniaxial tension case, while the large deformation and the small deformation results have huge difference based on shear deformation case. This research gives the way to the further research about the constitutive model of SMA, especially in the multitiaxial non-proportional loading aspects.

scholarly journals Redescription of Charaxicephaloides polyorchis Groschaft and Tenora 1978 (Digenea: Pronocephalidae) from the green turtle Chelonia mydas in Costa Rica

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Santoro ◽  
P. Brandmayr ◽  
E. Greiner ◽  
J. Morales ◽  
B. Rodríguez-Ortíz
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Green Turtle ◽  
Chelonia Mydas ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Green Turtles ◽  
New Information

AbstractCharaxicephaloides polyorchis Groschaft and Tenora, 1978 is redescribed on the basis of specimens collected from the stomach of green turtles Chelonia mydas in Costa Rica. Our specimens are consistent with the original description which was based on four flukes from the same host species from the northwest coast of Cuba. Our redescription provides a new range of variations and adds new information on this species. This represents only the second record of C. polyorchis in green turtles.

scholarly journals Evidence for Multiple Recent Host Species Shifts among the Ranaviruses (Family Iridoviridae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 2636-2647 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Jancovich ◽  
Michel Bremont ◽  
Jeffrey W. Touchman ◽  
Bertram L. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Fish Pathogen ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Fish Virus ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Australian Fish ◽  
Species Shifts

ABSTRACT Members of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) have been recognized as major viral pathogens of cold-blooded vertebrates. Ranaviruses have been associated with amphibians, fish, and reptiles. At this time, the relationships between ranavirus species are still unclear. Previous studies suggested that ranaviruses from salamanders are more closely related to ranaviruses from fish than they are to ranaviruses from other amphibians, such as frogs. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the relationships among ranavirus isolates, the genome of epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), an Australian fish pathogen, was sequenced. Our findings suggest that the ancestral ranavirus was a fish virus and that several recent host shifts have taken place, with subsequent speciation of viruses in their new hosts. The data suggesting several recent host shifts among ranavirus species increase concern that these pathogens of cold-blooded vertebrates may have the capacity to cross numerous poikilothermic species barriers and the potential to cause devastating disease in their new hosts.

Host species of mistletoes (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) in Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Nicole F. Clark ◽  
Jen A. McComb ◽  
Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
New Host ◽  
Host Family ◽  
Single Host ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Host Families ◽  
New Host Species

In order to study the relationships between mistletoes and their host species, comprehensive collections of both mistletoes and hosts are needed. The effect of sampling effort on the estimation of mistletoe host range was demonstrated in a comparison of an inventory of host mistletoe interactions published by Downey in 1998 and a 2019 inventory presented here, which is based on data from collections in the Australian Virtual Herbarium and information in the literature. New hosts were recorded for 93% of the 90 Australian mistletoes. There were 338 previously known hosts recorded to be parasitised by additional mistletoe species, and 317 new host species that were not previously known as mistletoe hosts (25 being alien species). These were from 78 new host genera and 13 new host families. The total number of host species was 1186 within 327 genera from 92 host families. A total of 63% of all Australian mistletoes parasitise species of either Eucalyptus or Acacia or both these genera. The large rise in host species recorded in less than two decades between inventories suggests that current knowledge of hosts is still incomplete, such that further new hosts will be discovered in future. Some mistletoe species show a strong preference to one host family or genus but due to insufficient collecting it is premature to conclude that any of the three species known from a single host are host specific.

scholarly journals One-Dimensional Large-Strain Nonlinear Consolidation of Overconsolidated Clays with a Threshold Hydraulic Gradient

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxun Li ◽  
Jinyang Xiao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Wenbing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Preconsolidation Pressure ◽  
Overconsolidated Clays ◽  
Consolidation Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Final Settlement

The existence of the threshold hydraulic gradient in clays under a low hydraulic gradient has been recognized by many studies. Meanwhile, most nature clays to some extent exist in an overconsolidated state more or less. However, the consolidation theory of overconsolidated clays with the threshold hydraulic gradient has been rarely reported in the literature. In this paper, a one-dimensional large-strain consolidation model of overconsolidated clays with consideration of the threshold hydraulic gradient is developed, and the finite differential method is adopted to obtain solutions for this model. The influence of the threshold hydraulic gradient and the preconsolidation pressure of overconsolidated clay on consolidation behavior is investigated. The consolidation rate under large-strain supposition is faster than that under small-strain supposition, and the difference in the consolidation rate between different geometric suppositions increases with an increase in the threshold hydraulic gradient and a decrease in the preconsolidation pressure. If Darcy’s law is valid, the final settlement of overconsolidated clays under large-strain supposition is the same as that under small-strain supposition. For the existence of the threshold hydraulic gradient, the final settlement of the clay layer with large-strain supposition is greater than that with small-strain supposition.

Uscana lariophaga (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an egg parasitoid of bruchid beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) storage pests in West Africa: host-age and host-species selection

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Huis ◽  
M. G. Wijkamp ◽  
P. M. Lammers ◽  
C. G. M. Klein Goldewijk ◽  
J. H. van Seeters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Storage Pests ◽  
Parasitization Rate ◽  
The Difference

AbstractUscana lariophaga Steffan is an egg parasitoid of bruchid species in West Africa. The hosts are Callosobrucbus maculatus (Fabricius) and Bruchidius atrolineatus Pic, insect pests of stored cowpea. Experiments were carried out to study the selection between hosts of different ages and of different species in choice and no-choice situations. Results were obtained through parasitization studies and by direct behavioural observations. A description of the parasitization behaviour of Uscana lariophaga is given. At 30°C, C. maculatus eggs of 0–2 day old are readily accepted for parasitization, but in a choice situation the 0 day old eggs are preferred. Of the older eggs only those of 3 days old are parasitized but significantly less than those of 0–2 days. At 30°C, B. atrolineatus eggs older than 24 hours are significantly less parasitized than younger eggs also in the no-choice situation. When eggs are older than one day, the time needed for penetrating the egg increases with host age. Both bruchid species are suitable hosts for U. lariophaga. In a choice situation B. atrolineatus is the preferred host and especially so when U. lariophaga has been reared on this species. However, in a no-choice situation the highest rate of successful parasitization is obtained on hosts of the species from which they have been reared. The higher parasitization rate of C. maculatus in the field in Niger can be explained by the difference in the susceptible period between the two host species.

scholarly journals Redescription of the Siamese shield leech Placobdelloides siamensis with new host species and geographic range

Parasite ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krittiya Chiangkul ◽  
Poramad Trivalairat ◽  
Watchariya Purivirojkul
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Body Width ◽  
New Host ◽  
First Time ◽  
Maximum Body ◽  
Care Behavior ◽  
New Host Species

The Siamese shield leech Placobdelloides siamensis (Oka, 1917) Sawyer, 1986 (Euhirudinea: Glossiphoniidae) was collected from five new host species, Southeastern Asian Box Turtle (Cuora amboinensis), Yellow-headed Temple Turtle (Heosemys annandalii), Malayan Snail-eating Turtle (Malayemys macrocephala), Mekong Snail-eating Turtle (M. subtrijuga), and Khorat Snail-eating Turtle (M. khoratensis) and was found for the first time in Udon Thani, Thailand. Examination of live leeches provided, for the first time, data on coloration and the combination of parental care behavior, both carrying cocoons and attaching cocoons to the substrate. This species was separated from its congeners based on the following characters: one pair of eyes; spines at proboscis subterminal; mouth terminal on oral sucker; absent plaque in neck region; gonopores located in furrow and separated by two annuli; distinctly triannulated mid-body segments; crop with seven pairs and branched caeca; caudal sucker slightly over half of maximum body width; and strongly dorsal papillae. Phylogenetic relationships based on the COI and ND1 genes were clarified and demonstrated that the species is distinct from others. The original description was amended and the taxonomic history is discussed.

Relative infection levels and taxonomic distances among the host species used by a parasite: insights into parasite specialization

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Taxonomic Distance ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Surrogate Measure ◽  
Using Data

Parasites often exploit more than one host species at any stage in their life-cycle, but the extent to which these host species are used varies greatly. Parasites typically achieve their highest prevalence, intensity and/or abundance in one host species (the principal host), whereas infection levels in auxiliary hosts range from relatively high to very low. The present study examines what influences the distribution of parasite individuals among their different host species, using metazoan parasites that use freshwater fish as their definitive or only host. Specifically, I test the hypothesis that differences in relative infection levels by a parasite among its auxiliary hosts are proportional to the taxonomic distance between the respective auxiliary hosts and the parasite's principal host. Taxonomic distance among hosts is a surrogate measure of their similarity in terms of ecology, physiology and immunology. Using data on 29 parasite species and 6 fish communities, for a total of 47 parasite-locality combinations, it was found that taxonomic distance between the auxiliary hosts and the principal host had no real influence on infection levels in auxiliary hosts, measured as either prevalence, intensity or abundance. The analysis revealed differences in the degree of specialization among major groups of parasites: in terms of abundance or intensity, auxiliary hosts were less important for cestodes than for nematodes and copepods. The lack of an effect of taxonomic distance may indicate that ecological similarity among host species, arising from convergence and not from relatedness, is more important than host phylogeny or taxonomy. Although the results are based on a limited number of parasite taxa, they suggest that parasites may be opportunistic in their colonization of new hosts, and not severely constrained by evolutionary baggage.

scholarly journals The genetics of tasting in mice: III. Quinine

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Lush
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Learning Behaviour ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Quinine Sulphate ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYTwenty-nine strains of mice were tested for their ability to taste a 0·8 mM solution of quinine sulphate. There were large strain differences, some strains (tasters) showing a strong aversion to the quinine and other strains (non-tasters) showing very little aversion. It was shown that the difference between strains 129/Sv and A2G is probably due to one gene. By using the CXB RI strains it was also shown that the difference between C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy is probably due to one gene. It is suggested that both differences may be due to the same gene, named Qui. In the progeny of a backcross involving both Soa and Qui there was evidence of an interaction between the genes which cannot be explained satisfactorily. Learning behaviour by the mice influenced their drinking habits, but this did not invalidate the results.

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