scholarly journals The genetics of tasting in mice: III. Quinine

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Lush
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Learning Behaviour ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Quinine Sulphate ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYTwenty-nine strains of mice were tested for their ability to taste a 0·8 mM solution of quinine sulphate. There were large strain differences, some strains (tasters) showing a strong aversion to the quinine and other strains (non-tasters) showing very little aversion. It was shown that the difference between strains 129/Sv and A2G is probably due to one gene. By using the CXB RI strains it was also shown that the difference between C57BL/6By and BALB/cBy is probably due to one gene. It is suggested that both differences may be due to the same gene, named Qui. In the progeny of a backcross involving both Soa and Qui there was evidence of an interaction between the genes which cannot be explained satisfactorily. Learning behaviour by the mice influenced their drinking habits, but this did not invalidate the results.

The Further Exploration of Applying Small-Strain and Large-Strain Formulations to SMA

2012 ◽  
Vol 529 ◽  
pp. 228-235
Author(s):  
Jie Yao ◽  
Yong Hong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Proportional Loading ◽  
The Difference

Recently, our research team has been considering to applying shape memory alloys (SMA) constitutive model to analyze the large and small deformation about the SMA materials because of the thermo-dynamics and phase transformation driving force. Accordingly, our team use simulations method to illustrate the characteristics of the model in large strain deformation and small strain deformation when different loading, uniaxial tension, and shear conditions involve in the situations. Furthermore, the simulation result unveils that the difference is nuance concerning the two method based on the uniaxial tension case, while the large deformation and the small deformation results have huge difference based on shear deformation case. This research gives the way to the further research about the constitutive model of SMA, especially in the multitiaxial non-proportional loading aspects.

scholarly journals Adherence to healthy lifestyles in the Programa Academia da Saúde

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Raquel de Deus Mendonça ◽  
Mariana Souza Lopes ◽  
Maria Cecília Ramos de Carvalho ◽  
Patrícia Pinheiro de Freitas ◽  
Aline Cristine Souza Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Healthy Lifestyles ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Fourth Quartile ◽  
Community Trial

This study aims to measure healthy lifestyles according to the time of participation in the Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS). We used baseline data from a randomized controlled community trial with a representative sample of PAS users from Belo Horizonte, Brazil (n = 3,414). The data on healthy lifestyles collected were: daily fruit and vegetables intake (≥5 servings); physical activity engagement (≥180min/week); body mass index (18.5kg/m² ≥ BMI ≤ 24.9kg/m²), smoking and drinking habits. The time of participation in the PAS was calculated by the difference between the date of registration in the program and the date of the data collection. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between healthy lifestyles and time of participation in the PAS. Almost half of the participants (43.3%) had three healthy lifestyle factors. The prevalence of having all five factors varied according to the time of participation in the service; the lowest rates were in the first quartile (4.9%) and the highest rates in the fourth quartile (8.1%). Those who have attended the service for the longest time (fourth quartile) were more likely to have a healthy BMI (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.14-1.80; p = 0.002) and to avoid smoking (OR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.06-4.49; p = 0.01), compared to those who have attended the program for less time (first quartile). The prevalence of healthy lifestyles in PAS users was low. However, a longer permanence in the program seems to favor positive changes on BMI and on smoking habits.

Strain Differences Occurring in an Experimental Study of Punishment

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton H. Kleban
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Difference

Forty-three Sprague-Dawley and 43 Wistar rats were given reward training for 40 trials in a Y-maze. On the next 20 trials, control groups were continued under the same training procedure, and 50% shock trials were introduced in the training of the remaining rats. For the extinction training, the reward was shifted to the opposite arm and 50% shock was continued for the no-delay and 30-sec. delay shock groups. The most significant results were that in the 30-sec. delay groups, the delay helped the Sprague-Dawley rats reverse in a minimum number of trials, whereas the Wistar rats showed strong indications of response stereotypy. The findings with respect to the Sprague-Dawley rats supported the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of delay in overcoming response persistence and the findings on the Wistar rats supported the empirical evidence on omission in punishment. The difference in response to punishment between the two albino strains emphasizes the need for experimental study of strain factors. Experiments should be repeated with several animal strains to remedy over-generalization from single strains and to help elaborate our understanding of the interaction present between punishment and strains.

STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN TESTICULAR WEIGHT AND SPERMATOGENESIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO C57BL/10J AND DBA/2J MICE

1972 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. M. SHIRE ◽  
A. BARTKE
Keyword(s):  
Strain Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hybrid Mice ◽  
Germinal Cells ◽  
Type A Spermatogonia

SUMMARY Marked differences were found in the absolute and relative weights of the testes of young adult mice from 11 strains. DBA/2J mice had large testes (936 ± 46 mg/100 g body weight) and C57BL/10J mice had small ones (389 ± 6 mg/100 g). Comparisons of mice from these two strains, raised under three different environmental conditions, showed that the difference between the strains was relatively unaffected by environmental variation. Measurements on hybrid mice confirmed that much of the observed difference between the two strains was genetic in origin. The C57BL/10 mice were unlike those of any of the other strains in that both the relative and the absolute weights of the testis declined between the ages of 9 and 16 weeks. Strain differences were also found when spermatogenesis was studied in four of the strains by counting the different types of germinal cells in seminiferous tubules in stage VII of spermatogenesis. There were about twice as many type A spermatogonia in DBA/2 mice as there were in C57BL/10 mice. The mean numbers of spermatocytes and spermatids were much greater in DBA/2 than in C57BL/10. These differences were sufficient to account for the observed differences between these strains in testicular weight. Reciprocal F1 mice resembled their DBA/2 parents both in the weight of their testes and in the pattern of spermatogenesis. It is suggested that, in comparison with mice of the other strains, C57BL/10J mice may be deficient in androgenic hormones.

scholarly journals The genetics of tasting in mice: IV. The acetates of raffinose, galactose and β-lactose

1986 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Lush
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Bitter Substance

SUMMARYThirty strains of mice were tested for their ability to taste a 0·4 mM solution of raffinose undecaacetate (RUA). There were large strain differences. Some strains showed little or no ability to taste the RUA. Two strains, SWR and Schneider, could taste RUA because they possess the Soaa allele which enables them to taste a variety of acetylated monosaccharides. Three other strains, BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H, could taste RUA because they possess the Ruaa allele which enables them to taste some larger structure which is a feature of the molecule as a whole. The gene Rua is tightly linked to the gene for quinine tasting. Qui, but the distribution of their alleles among the strains shows that they are different genes. It is suggested that there is in the mouse a cluster of tightly-linked genes, each one determining a taste receptor for a different bitter substance or chemical group. The relevance of these findings to the physiology of tasting is discussed.

scholarly journals One-Dimensional Large-Strain Nonlinear Consolidation of Overconsolidated Clays with a Threshold Hydraulic Gradient

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxun Li ◽  
Jinyang Xiao ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Wenbing Wu
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Preconsolidation Pressure ◽  
Overconsolidated Clays ◽  
Consolidation Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Final Settlement

The existence of the threshold hydraulic gradient in clays under a low hydraulic gradient has been recognized by many studies. Meanwhile, most nature clays to some extent exist in an overconsolidated state more or less. However, the consolidation theory of overconsolidated clays with the threshold hydraulic gradient has been rarely reported in the literature. In this paper, a one-dimensional large-strain consolidation model of overconsolidated clays with consideration of the threshold hydraulic gradient is developed, and the finite differential method is adopted to obtain solutions for this model. The influence of the threshold hydraulic gradient and the preconsolidation pressure of overconsolidated clay on consolidation behavior is investigated. The consolidation rate under large-strain supposition is faster than that under small-strain supposition, and the difference in the consolidation rate between different geometric suppositions increases with an increase in the threshold hydraulic gradient and a decrease in the preconsolidation pressure. If Darcy’s law is valid, the final settlement of overconsolidated clays under large-strain supposition is the same as that under small-strain supposition. For the existence of the threshold hydraulic gradient, the final settlement of the clay layer with large-strain supposition is greater than that with small-strain supposition.

Relationships between egg size, body weight and pelvic dimensions in turkeys

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Species Relationship ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractFemales of four strains of commercial turkeys, including one large strain with a characteristically high rate of oviducal prolapse, were given food either ad libitum or controlled to reach proportionately 0·8 or 0·6 of the body weight of birds fed ad libitum at 24 weeks of age. Two pens of five turkeys from each treatment were photostimulated at 24 and 30 weeks of age. Each turkey was autopsied after it had laid its first egg. The relationships between egg weight and body weight, and between the weight of abdominal fat, diameter of the vent and distance between the pubic bones and egg weight were studied by regression analysis. Egg weight was a function of body weight raised to the power 0·29 which was significantly different from the allometric relationship for Galliform species of 0·64. There was no evidence that differences existed in the quantity of abdominal fat which could impede oviposition and contribute to oviducal prolapse. There were strain differences in the diameter of the vent and distance between the pubic bones in relation to egg weight but the smallest and largest strains were similar. It was concluded that artificial selection had changed the species relationship between egg weight and body mass and that the susceptibility to oviducal prolapse in sire line turkeys was probably physiological in origin.

scholarly journals TRITRICHOMONAS BATRACHORUM PERTY FROM SOME COLOMBIAN TOADS

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corneles J. Marinkelle
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
The Difference

The Colombian toads Bufo marinus, B. typhonius ockerdeni, B. guttatus and B. blombergi were infested with Tritrichomonas batrachorum. Samples of feces obtained directly from live toads and cultures made of the flagellates. Uninfected B. marinus were kept with individuals of B. typhonius ockerdeni harbouring small T. batrachorum. After 42 days all B. marinus were infested with T. batrachorum of the large strain, originally isolated from that host species. Ingestion of trophozoites and cysts is considered to be the normal route of entry. The trichomonads fit the original description of T. batrachorum and the difference in size is considered to be due to host adaptation. T. batrachorum has not yet been recorded for Colombia, and all toads except B. marinus are new hosts.

scholarly journals COMPARISONS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS STRAINS FROM THREE EPIDEMICS

1947 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Better Than

Some of the peculiarities of strains of influenza A and B virus from two epidemics have been described. The influenza B virus of 1945–46, when compared with influenza A virus, proved to be much more difficult to isolate from human sources by any known means. Its adaptation to the chick embryo (by any route) or to mice was much slower than that of A virus. It did not keep nearly as well on storage at –72°C. either in throat garglings or as passage material. Its adaptation to amniotic growth was usually much better than to allantoic growth even after repeated allantoic passages. It failed to show primary evidence of occurring in the O form, although many of the secondary O characteristics were present and persisted. Its titer in throat washings was not demonstrably high as compared with certain strains of A virus, which were demonstrated in garglings at dilutions of 10–5 and 10–6. The antigenic patterns of influenza A strains from two epidemics were compared. No antigenic differences of significant degree were found among the strains of either epidemic and the difference between the strains of the two epidemics was very slight. A similar study was made of the influenza B strains of the epidemic of 1945–46. This also showed complete lack of significant strain differences. The implications of these findings for influenza prophylaxis are discussed.

Electromechanical Displacement of Soft/Hard PZT Bi-Layer Composite Actuator

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Piyalak Ngernchuklin ◽  
Arjin Boonruang ◽  
Chalearmchai Jeerapan ◽  
Pracha Laoauyporn ◽  
Sittichai Kanchanasutha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Ferroelectric Properties ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Mechanical Quality Factor ◽  
Electromechanical Properties ◽  
Layer Composite ◽  
Mechanical Quality ◽  
Piezoelectric Strain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thermal Expansion Coefficient Mismatch

PZTs can be classified into two types, i.e., soft and hard PZTs, which are categorized by the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties such as coercive field, piezoelectric strain, mechanical quality factor etc. It is known that the combination effect of the soft/hard PZT composites can generate large strain/actuation compared to monolithic PZT ceramics. In this study, soft and hard PZT powders were co-pressed into bi-layer disks with various ratios between soft and hard PZT powders, ranging from 0:100~100:0 vol. % (with 10 % increments) and then they were co-sintered. Due to the difference in the planar shrinkage of the two layers and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch, dome-shaped bi-layer composites with various dome heights were obtained. It was shown that the constrained layer either soft PZT or hard PZT affected various properties including the dome geometry, the strain-E-field response, and the displacement hysteresis loop. The electromechanical properties and actuation performance of such bi-layer composite actuators have been investigated and compared to the soft and hard PZT single layer counterparts.

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