A retrospective analysis of risk factors associated with bovine respiratory disease treatment failure in feedlot cattle1

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) treatment failure occurs when animals receiving a treatment regimen for BRD fail to directly return to health, resulting in chronic illness and a requirement for repeated treatments, sale for salvage slaughter, euthanasia or death. BRD treatment failure has both direct and indirect impacts. Direct impacts include costs to manage chronically ill animals, including those associated with BRD relapse treatment; reduced returns from animals sent for salvage slaughter, loss of the initial investment to purchase the animal and feed and other accumulated expenses to death, and costs associated with carcass disposal. Indirect impacts include costs of infrastructure requirements, and negative effects on animal welfare and employee morale.

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Components of a risk assessment tool for prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252320000201 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Sharif S. Aly ◽

Betsy M. Karle ◽

Deniece R. Williams ◽

Gabriele U. Maier ◽

Sasha Dubrovsky

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Scoring System ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

And Control ◽

Management Changes

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading natural cause of death in US beef and dairy cattle, causing the annual loss of more than 1 million animals and financial losses in excess of $700 million. The multiple etiologies of BRD and its complex web of risk factors necessitate a herd-specific intervention plan for its prevention and control on dairies. Hence, a risk assessment is an important tool that producers and veterinarians can utilize for a comprehensive assessment of the management and host factors that predispose calves to BRD. The current study identifies the steps taken to develop the first BRD risk assessment tool and its components, namely the BRD risk factor questionnaire, the BRD scoring system, and a herd-specific BRD control and prevention plan. The risk factor questionnaire was designed to inquire on aspects of calf-rearing including management practices that affect calf health generally, and BRD specifically. The risk scores associated with each risk factor investigated in the questionnaire were estimated based on data from two observational studies. Producers can also estimate the prevalence of BRD in their calf herds using a smart phone or tablet application that facilitates selection of a true random sample of calves for scoring using the California BRD scoring system. Based on the risk factors identified, producers and herd veterinarians can then decide the management changes needed to mitigate the calf herd's risk for BRD. A follow-up risk assessment after a duration of time sufficient for exposure of a new cohort of calves to the management changes introduced in response to the risk assessment is recommended to monitor the prevalence of BRD.

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Factors associated to first line antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure among HIV/AIDS patients at Sanglah Hospital, Bali

Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive ◽

10.24843/phpma.2017.v05.i01.p01 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Cok Istri Sri Dharma Astiti ◽

A.A Sagung Sawitri ◽

Tuti Parwati

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Treatment Failure ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

First Line ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Art Initiation ◽

Risk Of Treatment ◽

Hiv Aids

Background and purpose: The incidence of first line ART failure is increasing in the South East Asia region. The main referral hospital in Bali has recorded an increased use of second line ART due to the first line ART failure. This study aims to explore risk factors associated to first line ART failure.Methods: A case control study was conducted among people living with HIV and AIDS at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar who started first line ART between 2004 and 2013. Cases were those who diagnosed as having clinical treatment failure and still on treatment in 2015. Controls were those with no treatment failure. Sex and year of ART initiation were matched between case and control. Data were obtained from medical records that include initial regiments, HIV mode of transmission, the WHO HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, opportunistic infections, body mass index, hemoglobin level, and drug substitution at the beginning and during treatment. Risk factors were analysed using logistic regression.Results: Out of 68 HIV/AIDS patients with clinical ART failure, 72.1% were confirmed with immunological and 36.8% were confirmed with virological failure. Median time before treatment failure was 3.5 years. Factors associated to ART failure were HIV clinical stage IV with (AOR=3.43; 95%CI=1.65-7.13) and being widow/widower (AOR=4.85; 95%CI=1.52-15.53). Patients with TB co-infection have a lower risk for treatment failure due to early diagnosis and treatment through TB-HIV program with (AOR=0.32; 95%CI=0.14-0.70).Conclusions: Higher HIV clinical stage at ART initiation increases the risk of treatment failure. HIV-TB co-infection indirectly reduces the risk of treatment failure.

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