THE STATE ANALYSIS OF THE CARDBOARD AND PAPER PRODUCTION SYSTEMS WITH MINIMAL CONSUMPTION OF FRESH WATER

The state of Pará has the fifth largest cattle herd in Brazil at 20.3 million heads, and beef cattle breeding accounts for 44.32% of the agricultural production value. Using a recursive econometric model estimated by the generalized method of moments, we evaluated the effects of variables that define the supply and demand of slaughtered beef cattle from 1990 to 2015. The results showed that supply and demand were inelastic to prices. Increases in rural salary and calf prices negatively affected supply, and the response to rural credit applications occurred with a four-year lag due to the biological and technological characteristics of production systems. Deforestation tended to increase the supply of cattle and slaughterhouses appropriated the largest share of the economic surplus generated. There were productivity gains since the early 1990s, with the yield of slaughtered animals was 230.55 kg for cattle and 182.25 kg for cows, while currently, it is 276 and 202.5 kg, respectively. The creation of the Agriculture and Livestock Defense Agency of the State of Pará had a positive effect on the supply of cattle and the expansion of agroindustry structure, contributing to the supply of large markets with higher quality beef.

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Resource use and environmental impacts from Australian export lamb production: a life cycle assessment

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an14647 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. G. Wiedemann ◽

M.-J. Yan ◽

C. M. Murphy

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Production Systems ◽

Arable Land ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Land Occupation ◽

Fossil Fuel Energy

This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) investigating energy, land occupation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fresh water consumption and stress-weighted water use from production of export lamb in the major production regions of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. The study used data from regional datasets and case study farms, and applied new methods for assessing water use using detailed farm water balances and water stress weighting. Land occupation was assessed with reference to the proportion of arable and non-arable land and allocation of liveweight (LW) and greasy wool was handled using a protein mass method. Fossil fuel energy demand ranged from 2.5 to 7.0 MJ/kg LW, fresh water consumption from 58.1 to 238.9 L/kg LW, stress-weighted water use from 2.9 to 137.8 L H2O-e/kg LW and crop land occupation from 0.2 to 2.0 m2/kg LW. Fossil fuel energy demand was dominated by on-farm energy demand, and differed between regions and datasets in response to production intensity and the use of purchased inputs such as fertiliser. Regional fresh water consumption was dominated by irrigation water use and losses from farm water supply, with smaller contributions from livestock drinking water. GHG emissions ranged from 6.1 to 7.3 kg CO2-e/kg LW and additional removals or emissions from land use (due to cultivation and fertilisation) and direct land-use change (due to deforestation over previous 20 years) were found to be modest, contributing between –1.6 and 0.3 kg CO2-e/kg LW for different scenarios assessing soil carbon flux. Excluding land use and direct land-use change, enteric CH4 contributed 83–89% of emissions, suggesting that emissions intensity can be reduced by focussing on flock production efficiency. Resource use and emissions were similar for export lamb production in the major production states of Australia, and GHG emissions were similar to other major global lamb producers. The results show impacts from lamb production on competitive resources to be low, as lamb production systems predominantly utilised non-arable land unsuited to alternative food production systems that rely on crop production, and water from regions with low water stress.

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PRIMARY ACCOUNTING OF BUSINESS EXPENSES

HERALD of Khmelnytskyi national university ◽

10.31891/2307-5740-2021-298-5(1)-15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 298 (5 Part 1) ◽

pp. 87-91

Author(s):

Olga ROMANOVA ◽

Svetlana REPINA ◽

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Visual Display ◽

The State ◽

Energy Complex ◽

State Economy ◽

Primary Documents

The article analyzes the process of documenting the costs of enterprises ‘ activities. In the process of activity, enterprises bear a variety of costs in the production of necessary products for the functioning of production and non-production systems in the state, but the continuity of this process depends on the well-coordinated work of the energy complex, since energy consumers are all areas of the state economy that are set when forming GDP. Therefore, the importance of analyzing the composition of costs, production, financial, operational, and other types at energy enterprises is important, and given the gradual growth of the role of energy in the state economy, it is relevant. All expenses that are recorded in the company’s accounting records during the reporting period must be confirmed by documents characteristic of a certain group of expenses, so this particular direction was chosen for the study. The paper examined the existing features of the main primary documents for accounting for payroll accruals and payments, settlements with accountable persons, cash, material, and other expenses. In the process of writing the paper, the principle of filling out and containing 18 current documentary forms of the corresponding direction was described, divided into groups according to their purpose for a more visual display of the results of the study.

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Time Series Association State Analysis Method for Attacks on the Smart Internet of Electric Vehicle Charging Network

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198119837180 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2673 (4) ◽

pp. 217-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Qianmu Li ◽

Yinhai Wang ◽

Ziyuan Pu ◽

Shuo Wang ◽

Weibin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Markov Chain ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

The State ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Security Risks ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Vehicle Charging ◽

Association State ◽

State Analysis

A robust, integrated and flexible charging network is essential for the growth and deployment of electric vehicles (EVs). The State Grid of China has developed a Smart Internet of Electric Vehicle Charging Network (SIEN). At present, there are three main ways to attack SIEN maliciously: distributed data tampering; distributed denial of service (DDoS); and forged command attacks. Network attacks are random and continuous, closely related to time. By contrast, when analyzing the alarm in malicious attacks, the traditional Markov chain based model ignores the association relationship in the time series between states of alarm, so that the analysis and prediction of alarms are not suitable for real situations. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the three types of attack and proposes an association state analysis method on the time series. This method firstly analyzes alarm logs at different locations, different levels, and different types, and then establishes the temporal association of scattered and isolated alarm information. Secondly, it tracks the transition trend of abnormal events in the SIEN’s main station layer, the channel layer, and the sub-station layer. It also identifies the real attack behavior. This method not only provides a prediction of security risks, but, more importantly, it can also accurately analyze the trend of SIEN security risks. Compared with the ordinary Markov chain model, this method can better smooth the fluctuation of processing values, with higher real-time performance, stronger robustness, and higher precision. This method has been applied to the State Grid of China.

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The State of Management Science Research in Multistage Production Systems

Management Research News ◽

10.1108/eb028249 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

R.P. Mohanty

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Science Research ◽

Management Science ◽

The State ◽

Multistage Production ◽

Multistage Production Systems

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Comparative Water and Nutrient Application Rates among Ornamental Operations in Maryland

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12685-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (9) ◽

pp. 1364-1371 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John C. Majsztrik ◽

Andrew G. Ristvey ◽

David S. Ross ◽

John D. Lea-Cox

Keyword(s):

Production Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Production Systems ◽

The State ◽

Plant Production ◽

Irrigation Application ◽

Application Rates ◽

Field Nursery ◽

Container Nursery

Quantifying the range of fertilizer and irrigation application rates applied by the ornamental nursery and greenhouse industry is challenging as a result of the variety of species, production systems, and cultural management techniques that are used. To gain a better understanding of nutrient and water use by the ornamental industry in Maryland, 491 potential operations (including multiple addresses and contacts) in the state were mailed a packet of information asking for their voluntary participation. Of the 491 potential operations, it was determined that 348 operations were currently in operation. Of those 348 operations, 48 (14% of the operations in the state) participated in a site visit and an in-depth interview, and a detailed site analysis of the water and nutrient management practices was performed on a production management unit (MU) basis. The authors define an MU as a group of plants that is managed similarly, particularly in regard to nutrient and irrigation application. Greenhouse operations reported, on average, 198, 122, and 196 kg/ha/year of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P, as P2O5), and potassium (K, as K2O) fertilizer used, respectively, for 27 operations, representing 188 MUs. Twenty-seven outdoor container nursery operations had a total of 162 MUs, with an average of 964, 390, and 556 kg/ha/year of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer used, respectively. Field nursery (soil-based) operations were represented by 17 operations, producing 96 MUs, with an average of 67, 20, and 25 kg/ha/year of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer used, respectively. Irrigation volume per application was greatest in container nursery operations, followed by greenhouse and field nursery operations. Data were also analyzed by creating quartiles, which represent the median of the lowest 25%, the middle 50%, and highest 75% of values. It is likely that the greatest quartile application rates reported by growers could be substantially reduced with little to no effect on plant production time or quality. These data also provide baseline information to determine changes in fertilization practices over time. They were also used as inputs for water and nutrient management models developed as part of this study. These data may also be useful for informing nutrient application rates used in the Chesapeake Bay nutrient modeling process.

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Identification of productive systems of beef cattle in the northwest Region of Paraná, Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n3p1319 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 1319 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cecilia Menchon Tramontini ◽

Rejane Machado Cardozo ◽

Jailson De Oliveira Arieira

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Beef Cattle ◽

Production System ◽

Production Systems ◽

Data Bank ◽

The State ◽

Northwestern Part ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Cattle Breeders ◽

Northwest Region

The purpose of this paper is to identify beef cattle production systems in the northwestern part of the state of Paraná, Brazil. To achieve this, interviews with 42 randomly selected cattle breeders were conducted between the months of November and December 2016 to describe the reality of the farms of this region. These interviews were carried out through a semi-structured questionnaire containing 49 questions pertaining to the reality of farms regarding herd management and property (nutrition, health, reproduction, and animal welfare), environment care, property area, and realized activities. Additionally, this questionnaire described the requirements of slaughterhouse for animal housing and the values obtained by the animals marketed according to the producers. After the interviews were carried out, a data bank was created using the software Microsoft Excel (ver. 2010). The data was later transferred to the software PASW 18 for Windows to perform multivariate statistical analyses. Defining the most representative variables was realizedwith multivariate statistical analysis, and these were represented by factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis to define the production systems. Through statistical analysis, three different systems were defined: the first production system has 18, the second production system five, and the third production system has 18 cattle breeders. The three systems found in the northwest region of the state of Paraná have different production and marketing characteristics, with the second system being superior to the other systems.

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“Vows to the Blackest Devil”: Hamlet and the Evolving Code of Honor in Early Modern England

Renaissance Quarterly ◽

10.2307/2901836 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 1070-1086 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Reta A. Terry

Keyword(s):

Early Modern ◽

Early Modern England ◽

The State ◽

Honor Code ◽

Honor System ◽

The Individual ◽

State Analysis

The Renaissance was a period in which the honor code underwent a significant metamorphosis. The medieval, chivalric code of honor, with its emphasis on lineage, allegiance to one's lord and violence, evolved into an honor code that was both more moral and political in that it began to emphasize the individual conscience and allegience to the state. Analysis of Shakespeare's Hamlet, and in particular its characters' use of promise, provides new and revealing insights into the evolving Renaissance codes of honor, for Shakespeare creates characters in Hamlet that represent various stages in the evolution of a changing honor system.

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