scholarly journals NEW FINDS OF THE KOBAN-KOLCHIS METAL ARTIFACTS IN THE NORTHEASTERN BLACK SEA COASTLINE AREA (KRASNODAR REGION). EARLIER UNKNOWN AREA OF THE KOBAN-KOLCHIS BRONZES

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
А. Ю. Скаков ◽  
М. И. Кудин ◽  
А. С. Кизилов
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
Adjacent Part ◽  
Krasnodar Region ◽  
Unknown Area ◽  
Blank Spot

В статье вводятся в научный оборот случайные находки последних десятилетий из района города-курорта Сочи и прилегающей части Туапсинского района, относящиеся к периоду поздней бронзы - раннего железа. До недавнего времени этот регион оставался своего рода «белым пятном» на археологической карте. Культурная принадлежность населения этого региона для рассматриваемого периода также оставалась неясной. Представленная коллекция случайных находок относится к нескольким хронологическим горизонтам - кон. II тыс. до н. э., VIII-VII вв. до н. э., VI-IV вв. до н. э. Для VIII-IV вв. до н. э. имеются определенные основания предполагать существование на этой территории самостоятельной археологической культуры в рамках кобано-колхидской культурно-исторической общности. Культура эта характеризуется синкретичностью, наличием как ярких кобано-колхидских, так и протомеотских и, в дальнейшем, меотских черт. Рассматривать этот регион как контактную зону представляется затруднительным из-за наличия некоторых ярких культурных маркеров, а именно слабо представленных в соседних ареалах бронзовых дуговидных фибул с кольцевыми утолщениями по краям дужки. Уверенно выделить новую, своеобразную культуру Восточного Причерноморья раннего железного века можно будет только после проведения новых широкомасштабных археологических исследований. The paper introduces into scientific discourse chance finds of recent decades from the district of the Sochi resort-city and the adjacent part of the Tuapse district dating to the Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age. Until recently, this region remained something of a ‘blank spot’ on the archaeological map. Cultural attribution of the population in this region also remained unclear. The published assemblage of chance finds is dated to several chronological horizons: late II mill. BC, 8th-th cc. BC, 6th-4th cc. BC. Regarding the 8th-4th cc. BC, there are grounds to believe that bearers of a distinctive archaeological culture forming part of the overall Koban-Kolchis cultural unity inhabited this area. The culture is characterized by syncretism and presence of both salient Koban-Kolchis features and proto-Maeotian features and, subsequently, Maeotian features. It is difficult to consider this region as a contact zone due to presence of some impressive cultural markers, namely, bronze arched fibulae with ring thickened parts along the hoop. It will be possible to single out a distinctive Early Iron Age culture of the eastern Black Sea coastline region only after large-scale archaeological excavations and research.

Late second–early first millennium BC abrupt climate changes in coastal Syria and their possible significance for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kaniewski ◽  
E. Paulissen ◽  
E. Van Campo ◽  
H. Weiss ◽  
T. Otto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Iron Age I

AbstractThe alluvial deposits near Gibala-Tell Tweini provide a unique record of environmental history and food availability estimates covering the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The refined pollen-derived climatic proxy suggests that drier climatic conditions occurred in the Mediterranean belt of Syria from the late 13th/early 12th centuries BC to the 9th century BC. This period corresponds with the time frame of the Late Bronze Age collapse and the subsequent Dark Age. The abrupt climate change at the end of the Late Bronze Age caused region-wide crop failures, leading towards socio-economic crises and unsustainability, forcing regional habitat-tracking. Archaeological data show that the first conflagration of Gibala occurred simultaneously with the destruction of the capital city Ugarit currently dated between 1194 and 1175 BC. Gibala redeveloped shortly after this destruction, with large-scale urbanization visible in two main architectural phases during the Early Iron Age I. The later Iron Age I city was destroyed during a second conflagration, which is radiocarbon-dated at circa 2950 cal yr BP. The data from Gibala-Tell Tweini provide evidence in support of the drought hypothesis as a triggering factor behind the Late Bronze Age collapse in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Possibilities and limitations of pXRF as a tool for analysing ancient pottery: a case study of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age pottery (1100–600 BC) from the northern Black Sea region

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-266
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Daszkiewicz ◽  
Nadezhda Gavrylyuk ◽  
Kirsten Hellström ◽  
Elke Kaiser ◽  
Maya Kashuba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Archaeological Cultures

AbstractIn an archaeometric research project supported by the Volkswagen Foundation (Project 90216 [https://earlynomads.wordpress.com/]), working groups consisting of chemists, geologists and archaeologists in Berlin, Kiev and Saint Petersburg collaborated on analysing pottery recovered from Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age burials and settlements from sites of different archaeological cultures in the steppes and forest steppes north of the Black Sea. The article presents the results of the classification of 201 samples using energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) compared to the results of MGR-analysis and WD-XRF of these samples. Fingerprints for the seven sites studied could be defined.

Palestinian Excavations

Antiquity ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 24 (96) ◽  
pp. 196-199
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Chalcolithic Period ◽  
First Millennium

Recent years have seen the publication of some sumptuous reports of the large scale excavations conducted by American enterprise in the years before the war. The sites of Megiddo and Beth-Shan, which can confidently be referred to by their historical and biblical names, are of outstanding importance, dominating as they do the Plain of Esdraelon and the great road from Egypt to North Syria and Mesopotamia. The publications here considered are the latest (but not, it is hoped, the last) of a series dealing with different aspects of the excavations. Both sites have been partially sounded to bed-rock, and show continuous occupation from thc chalcolithic period to the end of the first millennium B.C., and Beth-Shan beyond it. Tell en-Nasbeh is in a different category. It is possibly to be identified with the Biblical Mizpah, but this is not universally accepted. Like many Palestinian hill-country sites, it was occupied in the Early Bronze Age (the ascription of some groups to the chalcolithic period is unsatisfactory). Its main occupation is, however, confined to the Early Iron Age, from the time of the undivided Israelite Kingdom down to the post-exilic, Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Rediscovering the Body: Cremation and Inhumation in Early Iron Age Central Europe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Rebay-Salisbury
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Cultural Entity

The Late Bronze Age Urnfield Period in Central Europe (BA D, Ha A/B, c.1300 to 800 BC) is characterized by the dominance of cremation as a burial rite. The simple appearance of urn burials give an impression of simplicity, but they are the endpoint of a chain of actions and practices that constitute the funerary ritual, many of which may not be simple at all, but include a large number of people and resources. The washing, dressing, and furnishing of the body as it is laid out prior to cremation leave no traces. The funerary pyre, as spectacular as it may have looked, smelled, and felt during the cremation, preserves only under exceptional circumstances. The rituals and feasts associated with selecting the cremated remains from the funerary pyre and placing them in a suitable organic container or a ceramic urn prior to their deposition do not leave much evidence. The large-scale spread of cremation during the Late Bronze Age has traditionally been explained by the movements of peoples (e.g. Kraft 1926; Childe 1950), or a change in religious beliefs (e.g. Alexander 1979). More recently, a change in how the human body is ontologically understood and how it has to be transformed after death is seen as the more likely underlying cause (Harris et al. 2013; Robb and Harris 2013; Sørensen and Rebay-Salisbury in prep.), although a simple and single reason is rarely the driver of such pan-European developments. This chapter will be concerned with another transition, the change from cremation back to inhumation, several hundred years later during the Early Iron Age, and investigates its background and causes. In Central Europe, cremation is given up as the solitary funerary rite, and a range of different options, including inhumations in burial mounds, bi-ritual cemeteries, and new forms of cremation graves emerge. This change happens at a different pace in the various areas of the Hallstatt Culture and adjacent areas, which will be surveyed here. Despite doubts about the validity of the term ‘Hallstatt Culture’ as a cultural entity (e.g. Müller-Scheeßel 2000), it remains a convenient shorthand to the Early Iron Age in Central Europe, c.800–450 BC, in eastern France, southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, and parts of northern Italy.

scholarly journals Patterns of Production and Consumption of Coarse to Semi-Fine Pottery at Early Iron Age Knossos

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 225-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Claude Boileau ◽  
James Whitley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
North Central ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Coarse Wares ◽  
Local Geology

This paper presents the results of a large-scale petrological study of Early Iron Age (twelfth-seventh centuries bc) coarse wares from north-central Crete. 210 samples were taken for analysis from six locations at Knossos, representing distinct funerary, domestic, and ritual contexts. The pottery selected represents coarse to semi-fine fabrics and a variety of vessel types and sizes. The bulk (188) of the samples can be divided into seven fabric groups, with 22 loners or pairs. Four of the seven fabric groups exhibit a mineralogy that is consistent with local geology. The functional ceramic range is clearly reflected in the methods of clay preparation: coarse wares, cooking pot wares and fine wares have distinct clay paste technology. Three of the fabric groups, however, appear to be non-local, twelve samples coming from elsewhere in Crete, and twenty-three from elsewhere in the Aegean. Fabric groups 4 and 7 seem to represent a rather specialized local taste for exotic (possibly Cycladic) wares, used primarily for cooking. Overall the picture is one of considerable continuity in patterns of production and consumption from the Bronze Age. The introduction of the red micaceous wares (especially fabric 4) however coincides with a number of other signs of greater external contact in Knossos during the latter part of the ninth century BC. These innovations appear to be related, even if debate continues as to their significance.To άρθρο Παρουσιάςει τα αποτελέσματα μιας μεγάλης κλίμακας πετρολογικής μελέτης της χονσροεισούς κεραμεικής της Πρώιμης Eποχής του Σισήρου (12ος- 7ος αι. π.X.) από την βόρεια κεντρική Kρήτη. 210 σείγματα πάρθηκαν για ανάλυση από έξι θέσεις στην Kνωσό, οι οποίες αντιπροσωπεύουν σιακριτά ταφικά, οικιακά και τελετουργικά σύνολα. H επιλεγμένη κεραμεική αντιπροσωπεύει χονσροεισή και μεσαίας ποιότητας αγγεία ποικίλων σχημάτων και σιαστάσεων. O κύριος όγκος (188) των σειγμάτων μπορεί να σιαιρεθεί σε επτά ομάσες σύστασης πηλού, με 22 σείγματα να αποτελούν μονασικές περιπτώςεις ή ςεύγη. Tέσσερις από τις επτά ομάσες εμφανίςουν ορυκτολογία ςύμφωνη με την τοπική γεωλογία. H ποικιλία της χρηστικής κεραμεικής αντανακλάται καθαρά στις μεθόσους προετοιμαςίας του πηλού: χονσροεισή αγγεία, μαγειρικά αγγεία και λεπτότεχνα αγγεία σείχνουν σιακριτή τεχνολογία πρόςμειξης πηλού. Tρεις από τις ομάσες ςύστασης πηλού παρ' όλα αυτά φαίνεται να μην είναι εγχώριες – σώσεκα σείγματα προέρχονται από άλλες περιοχές της Kρήτης, και 23 από άλλες περιοχές του Aιγαίου. Oι ομάσες 4 και 7 φαίνεται να αντιπροςωπεύουν μια ισιαίτερα εξεισικευμενη τοπική προτίμηση για εξωτικά (ενσεχομένως Kυκλασικά) αγγεία, τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνταν κυρίως για μαγειρική. Γενικά έχουμε μια εικόνα σημαντικής συνοχής και συνέχειας στις μαρφές παραγωγής και κατανάλωσης από την Eποχή του Xαλκού στην Eποχή του Σισήρου. H εμφάνιση και εισαγωγή αγγείων κοκκινωπού πηλού με μαρμαρυγία (εισικά η ομάσα 4) (συμπίπτει με έναν αριθμό άλλων στοιχείων που σείχνουν εκτενέστερες εξωτερικές επαφές της Kνωσού κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια του 9ου αιώνα π.X. Aυτές οικαινοτομίες φαίνεται να συσχετίςονται, αν και η συςήτηση αναφορικά με τη σημασία τους συνεχίςεται.

The Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age landscape of interior western Sicily

Antiquity ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (289) ◽  
pp. 503-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Kolb ◽  
Sebastiano Tusa
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Western Sicily ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Hilltop Settlement

The archaeology of complex societies in western Sicily has traditionally focused upon Greek and Phoenician colonization rather than the development of the indigenous peoples of the interior. The Salemi regional survey project in western Sicily was conceived as a means to track long-term landscape change of this interior ‘indigenous’ landscape. From 1998 to 2000, this survey has conducted an extensive survey of 150 sq. km of the Salemi region, an intensive survey of 8 sq. km around a nearby Late Bronze Age (LBA) hilltop settlement of Mokarta (Mannino & Spatafora 1995; Spatafora & Mannino 1992; Tusa 1992), and an intensive survey of 25 sq. km around the Early Iron Age (EIA) hilltop settlement of Monte Polizzo (FIGURE 1). Survey work is part ofthe Sicilian–Scandinavian archaeological project (Morris et al. in press; http://dig.anthro.niu.edu/sicily), an international team of scholars who are undertaking large-scale excavations at Monte Polizzo (FIGURE 2). Preliminary survey results reveal that these LBA and EIA peoples relied on an intricate valley hinterland around their hilltop residences. Moreover, marked differences exist between the LBA and EIA valley hinterlands.

scholarly journals Pottery Complexes of the Ust’-Kova Geoarcheological Area in the Lower Angara Region (Based on Materials of 2008–2011)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Nikolay I. Drozdov ◽  
Victor P. Leontev ◽  
Dmitry A. Gurulev ◽  
Kseniya V. Biryuleva
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
The Middle Ages

Purpose. As a result of preparations for the flooding of the Boguchan Hydroelectric Power Station reservoir bed, the Lower Angara region has witnessed increased activity as an archeological source base in recent years. It initiated the development of studies on the taxonomy of pottery traditions, both in the region and in adjacent territories, their chronology and interaction models. A number of informative archaeological sites at the estuary of the Kova River were excavated in large-scale horizontal exposures. Morphological analysis of the most informative part of the collection of surveys of 2008–2011, its comparative studies and the subsequent analysis of the spatial and stratigraphic context of the wares were the object of this paper. Results. A number of pottery groups were identified and their cultural-chronological attribution was proposed. Pottery of the Middle Ages predominate – Ust’-Kova type vessels, wares decorated with thin and smearing cordons, combed decorated pottery. The period of the Early Iron Age is represented by the Tsepan’ culture pottery, vessels with ‘wisp’ cordons and thin cordons decorated with finger pinches. Morphologically heterogeneous ‘pearl-ribbed’ pottery is attributed to the Bronze Age. Among the Neolithic ceramics, ‘net-impressed’ pottery (including the Aplin type), wares of Posol’sk and Ust’-Belaya types, as well as vessels close to Serovo pottery were presented. The complexes of the Early Iron Age – the Middle Ages have little information content due to the fact that the upper culture-bearing sediments are largely disturbed. There is a tendency toward a shift of site zones from the Angara coast in the Neolithic and Bronze Age to the right bank of the Kova River in subsequent periods. Conclusion. The collection includes wares dating from the Neolithic to the ‘Russian’ time. Conclusions about the information content of materials of cultural layers for further research are made. A subsequent collation of observations on settlement location trends will be able to reveal mobility patterns among carriers of various pottery traditions.

The bronze headbands of Prehistoric Lofkënd and their Aegean and Balkan connections

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 33-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Young Females ◽  
The Many ◽  
Votive Offerings

This paper begins with an overview of the bronze headbands from the prehistoric (Late Bronze to Early Iron Age) burial tumulus of Lofkënd in Albania, which were found among the richest tombs of the cemetery, all of them of young females or children. It is argued that these individuals represent a class of the special dead, those who have not attained a critical rite de passage: marriage. In their funerary attire these individuals go to the grave as brides, married to death. The significance of the Lofkënd headbands is reviewed, as is their shape and decoration, but it is their context that contributes to a better understanding of Aegean examples, including the many bronze, gold, and silver headbands found in tombs from the Early Bronze Age through the Early Iron Age, as well as those dedicated as votive offerings in sanctuaries. In addition to discussing the evidence for headbands in the Aegean and much of southeast Europe, this paper also attempts to uncover the word used in this early period in Greece for these distinctive items of personal ornament. In memory of Berit Wells.

Nuragic Settlement Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Namirski
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Settlement Dynamics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Bronze Age

The book is a study of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Nuragic settlement dynamics in two selected areas of the east coast Sardinia, placing them in a wider context of Central Mediterranean prehistory. Among the main issues addressed are the relationship between settlement and ritual sites, the use of coastline, and a chronology of settlement.

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