scholarly journals Staritsa Hillfort Fortifications (According to Written Sources and Architectural and Archaeological Research Data)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.Л. ХВОРОСТОВА
Keyword(s):  
Research Data ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The West ◽  
Development History ◽  
Timber Constructions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tver Region ◽  
East End ◽  
The Town ◽  
Written Sources

В статье представлены данные письменных источников по истории возникновения и развития крепостных укреплений города Старицы Тверской области, а также результаты архитектурно-археологических исследований остатков этих укреплений. На восточной оконечности мыса, на котором была расположена крепость, выявлены две разновременные линии срубов разного размера, опирающиеся на бутово-щебенчатое основание. На западной стороне сохранилось лишь основание срубных конструкций. The article represents written sources data concerning building up and development history of the fortifications in the town of Staritsa in Tver region as well as results of architectural and archaeological research of their remnants. There were two lines of different-sized timber blocks with a foundation made of rubble and crushed stone which date back to different epochs found at the east end of the fortress cape. At the west end only a timber constructions foundation was revealed.

Ancient Tajikistan Studies in History, Archaeology and Culture (1980-1991)

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-304
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Written Sources

AbstractSystematic archaeological research began immediately after WW II with work on Iran Age monuments at Kala-i-mir, Boldai-tepe and Baidudasht IV. Of recently studied Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic monuments, the most important is Takhti-Sangin (thought to be the source of the Oxus treasure). More than 5000 votive objects have now been recovered from the temple here (now completely excavated and dated to the first quarter of the 1st c. B.C.). Excavations at Ai-Khanoum prove that the strength and persistence of Hellenic culture seen at the Oxus temple was not unique in Bactria, while a complex now being studied at Dushanbe pushes the range of Greco-Bactrian culture far further to the north than was hitherto thought. Investigation of burial monuments at Tup-khana testifies to the acceptance of Bactrian material culture by incoming nomad groups, whereas study of a Buddhist complex of the 3rd-4th c. A.D. at Ushurmullo shows its continued use down to the 7th-8th c. Ancient written sources on the history of Central Asia have been studied by I.V. Pyankov, whilst E.V. Zeimal has produced a description, classification and analysis of the coin series of the region. Finally, T.P. Kiyatkina has written a series of works on palaeo-anthropological material from Tajikistan and Turkmenia.

Examination of the tale of Kerem & Aslı in terms of clothes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saliha Ozelmas Kahya
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Research Data ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Oral Culture ◽  
Folk Tales ◽  
The Past ◽  
Folk Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Made In

Folktale is the name given to the products of folk literature created on the basis of the deep effect of any event or literal product left a trace in the society in oral culture. It is a long winded type of narration about real or real-like events. They are stories with traditional content which are narrated orally from one generation to the next. They generally deal with love and heroism. Kerem & Aslı is one of the most famous folk tales.Kerem & Aslı tale is one of the folk tales which was revealed by late 16th century, known and liked in other nations than Turkey and Oguz Turkish tribes (Armenian, Georgian, Lezg, etc.) addressing broad masses. Similar tales including Kerem & Aslı tale popular among broad masses are significant sources particularly in terms of revealing cultural values since they represented the past and future of the society.The purpose of this research is to find terms of garment, accessories, fabrics referred in the Kerem & Aslı tale, reveal meanings thereof and provide information about how they were used in the tale. Written sources were reviewed in order to collect research data. The characteristics of clothing of the characters in the Kerem & Aslı tale were revealed and a general assessment was made in the research and what the terms of garment, accessories, fabrics meant was explained. It was determined that the following terms were referred in  the Kerem & Aslı tale; don (underpants), hırka (cardigan), pestamal, libas (clothes), esvap (clothes), saya (clothes), fistan (clothes), kaftan (caftan), gomlek (shirt), arakcın, cevre, serpus, nikab, kalpak, oya (lace), aba, atlas, sal (shawl), yaglık (handkerchief), elvan, kusak (belt), tulbent (gauze).Keywords: folktale, traditional dressing, history of dressing, Kerem & Aslı tale

Roman Lincoln, 1953

1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
High Street ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

The excavations carried out by the Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee during 1953 dealt with two sites of a very different nature, although of the same period. Yet together they provide a useful illustration of the two principal aspects of the history of Roman Lincoln and also of two types of archaeological investigation demanded in an urban centre. The first excavation, in East Bight, was deliberately undertaken in an attempt to find answers to certain problems relating to the early military and quasi-military occupation of Lincoln and was excavated methodically and without haste; the second was a hasty examination during building operations at no. 292 High Street where a structure, apparently connected with the communal life of the town in its later period of expansion, demanded immediate investigation, without the opportunity for unhurried and detailed examination.The first excavations of the Research Committee, in 1945–6, at Westgate and North Row (fig. 2), resolved once and for all the question of the general siting of the Claudian fortress of the Ninth Legion and, in particular, demonstrated that on north and west the legionary defences underlay those of the later Colonia. These conclusions suggested the possibility that the defences might similarly coincide on south and east also, where the line of the Colonia wall was known; but, as Professor I. A. Richmond pointed out, if this was so, the area of the legionary fortress would only have been approximately 42 acres whereas a minimum of 50 acres might have been expected.

scholarly journals Continuous Pile and Column Foundations of Towers in Siberian Towns and Ostrogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Gorokhov
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Column Foundation ◽  
The Town ◽  
North Western ◽  
Functional Purpose ◽  
Written Sources

Purpose. In the course of archaeological research of Russian ostrogs (wooden fortresses) in Siberia, which belong to the end of the 16th – the first half of the 18th centuries, researchers come across remains of defensive fortifications, interpretation of which is rather complicated. Such remains include traces of continuous pile and column foundations of ostrog towers. The objective of this article is to identify all known structures of this type, determine essential elements of their construction and discover the functional purpose of such a foundation. Results. In the course of archаeological research, four towers with continuous pile and column foundation were discovered, namely, a south-western tower of Umrevinskii Ostrog, one of Tobolsk towers, a south-eastern tower and a north-western tower of Udinskii Ostrog. Information on discovery of towers with such a foundation in Mangazeya was not confirmed. The existence of such a foundation under the western tower of the Sosnovskii Ostrog remains disputable. One of such towers preserved its original foundation in the town of Bel’sk (Irkutsk region) till 1987. Three towers with continuous pile and column foundations were discovered in Krasnoyarskii Ostrog in written sources. Conclusion. It is determined that all towers were located on the slope or next to it, their dimensions were considerably smaller than average ones, while their depth and thickness of logs were equal and met the same parameters of the lath fence walls. Such towers were intended first for reducing a load on unstable grounds on the slopes and next to them at the expense of small sizes of towers and secondly for preventing uneven subsidence of the tower bases, which due to a small perimeter thereof can result in a considerable lurch and subsequent collapse or damage of the structural integrity of the building.

THE HAIRY MAIDEN: RUNAWAY AND DEITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Aglaia B. Starostina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Chinese Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Great Wall ◽  
Written Sources

In this paper, the author offers a perspective on the evolution of the Hairy Maiden (Mao-nü) legends in written and oral Chinese tradition, from the twelfth century to the present day, on material of poems, short stories and records of the collectors of the Song – Qing eras, as well as memories of Hebei from the 1920s – 1940s and modern collections of fairy tales and legends. Attention is also paid to the pre-Song history of the character. The author suggested that it could be considered a borrowing. Field research data from 2014–2016 were used in the research. Mao-nü lives in wooded mountains, she is benevolent towards people. Stories about her can be divided into two distinctive groups. In the first group, she is a supernatural being for whom there is no return to human existence. In the second group, she returns to human existence, leaves the liminal zone and is doomed to die. W. Eberhard and Li Jianguo constructed the schemes close to the invariant of the Mao-nü plot. However, there are a few stories that do not correspond to those schemes as a whole, or their parts, in which the Hairy Maiden acts as a magical assistant. The paper describes the concept of Mao-nü as a deity and traces the connection of the Mao-nü stories to the Daoist hagiography (from “Lie xian zhuan” and on). The author also provides data on the perception of Mao-nü in the visual arts. The paper elaborates on the evidences that prove the direct descendance of the plot of the revolutionary opera “The White-Haired Girl” from ancient folklore. It describes further how the “revolutionary play” influenced the circulation of stories concerning the White-Haired fairy. An attempt is made to determine the ways in which the stories about the Hairy Maiden are connected to the stories about the “wild hairy people”, including the builders of the Great Wall. The author notes that for contemporary stories about Mao-nü, the proximity to written sources and links to the Huashan mountains are characteristic.

‘How Dare they Leave all this Unexcavated!’: Continuing to Discover Roman Bath

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Town

The frustrated cry of the young Barry Cunliffe has an odd echo in these days of preservation in situ. Sitting in the Roman Baths on his first visit as a schoolboy in 1955, he was astonished at how much was unknown about the Baths, despite their international reputation: large areas ‘surrounded by big question marks . . . all around . . . the word ‘‘unexcavated’’ ’ (Cunliffe 1984: xiii; figure 1). His later understanding of the realities and constraints of excavation only sharpened his desire to know more. Now, fifty years on and more, due in large part to that drive to know, his curiosity, we can claim to have made as much progress in our understanding of the baths and the city around them as had occurred in all the years before his visit, a history of archaeological enquiry stretching back over 400 years. In 1955 the baths were much as they had been discovered in the 1880s and 1890s. They were not well understood. The town, or city, or whatever surrounded it, were almost completely unknown, or at best, misunderstood. It was still possible in that year to argue that the temple of Sulis Minerva was on the north of the King’s Bath, not, as records of earlier discoveries made clear, on the west (Richmond and Toynbee 1955). Yet as the young Cunliffe sat and mused, the archaeological world was beginning to take note and a modern excavation campaign was beginning; indeed had begun: Professor Ian Richmond, in a short eight years to become a colleague, had started ‘his patient and elegant exploration of the East Baths’ the summer before (Cunliffe 1969: v). Richmond initiated a small number of very limited investigations into the East Baths, elucidating a tangle of remains that, while clearly the result of a succession of alterations and archaeological phases, had never been adequately analysed. Richmond’s main aim was to understand the developmental history of the baths, and this approach, combined with a thoughtful and thorough study of the rest of the remains, led to a still broadly accepted phasing and functional analysis (Cunliffe 1969).

Legacy: Cambridge in the 14th and 15th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 317-340
Author(s):  
Catherine Casson ◽  
Mark Casson ◽  
John S. Lee ◽  
Katie Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
University Education ◽  
The West ◽  
King's College ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Town

Chapter 7 connects the book to work on the subsequent history of Cambridge, including that on the development of the University. It considers the extent to which trends identified in the Hundred Rolls continued into the fourteenth century. Cambridge adjusted to the decline in its agricultural trade after the Black Death by developing its service sector, linked to university education. The role of family dynasties remained significant, but the period was characterised by the growth of three key institutions – the borough corporation, the guilds, and the colleges. College property holdings increased, driven by increasing student numbers, and the colleges gradually obtained rights to the meadows adjoining the river to the west of the town. The foundation of King’s College transformed the street plan in the west of Cambridge, obliterating many ancient streets and buildings, but providing new economic opportunities to supply the academic community.

scholarly journals Eski-Crimea: Introduction to the Historical Topography of the City of the Crimean Khanate

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Sergei G. Bocharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Development History ◽  
General Plan ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

The paper addresses the main points of the development history of a Crimean Khanate town of Eski-Crimea (Old Crimea), and a graphic reconstruction of its general plan for the last quarter of the 18th century – the final stage of the state’s existence. The reconstruction of the historical topography of the late medieval town was carried out on the basis of three arrays of sources – written, cartographic and archaeological. All essential elements of the historical topography of the late medieval town were recreated. The plan of the quarter development and the street network was reconstructed. Town mosques, a bathhouse, fountains which supplied the townspeople with water, hotels – caravanserais, and shopping arcades were localized. The location of the town market and an early mosque built in 1263 was determined. It is suggested that the area around them marks the early region from where the town began to expand and where it is possible to find the earliest cultural layers associated with the emergence of the town. By the final stage of the existence of Crimean Khanate, the area of urban development in Eski-Crimea was about 29 hectares.

scholarly journals Repositioning the Role of Written Sources in Archaeological Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Zorica Kuzmanović
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources

Contrary to the general attitude that the role of written sources in archaeological research marks the separation between two distinct fields of research – prehistorical and historical archaeology, the critical research into the history of the discipline points that the development of archaeology has not followed this pattern. Rather, the dominant role of the written sources in the study of classical past has been transferred onto the practices of prehistorical archaeology. Discussing the role of ancient sources in the research of the so-called "Illyrian question", this paper addresses the consequences of this dominant role of written sources in the archaeological study of the past and points to the ways in which the interpretation of the classical texts influenced the theoretical- methodological framework of research of the late prehistory of the Balkans.

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