scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Nature of Public Spaces in the Private Realm over the Examples of Privately Owned Public Spaces in NYC

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tuğçe Ertan ◽  
Hamit Gokay Meric
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
General Notion ◽  
General View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Realm ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Privately Owned

The designing and implementation of public spaces have a crucial role in the development of cities. A city’s success is generally based on the quality of its public spaces and it is a fact that public space is an elementary aspect of urban life. Moreover, one mandatory standard for big cities to function well is there to be a welcoming public space, where a number of urban activities can take place. According to the general notion, parks, streets, city squares, sidewalks, etc. can be included in public spaces. In addition to these, some indoor spaces such as below ground stories, plaza entrances and places like waterfronts or elevated structures with new functions have been considered as public space nowadays. In order to create, design and finance public spaces, sometimes private organizations and public governmental bodies cooperate. However, a game changer in the public and private realm was the 1961 zoning program of New York City Department of City Planning. This program gave permission to private developers build more floor space than they were allowed in exchange for supplying public spaces. As a result of this act, privately owned public spaces (POPS) were created blurring the definition of public space. Today there are more than five hundred POPS in NYC including indoor and outdoor spaces. This study will try to provide an analysis and general view of POPS as public spaces questioning the issues about their use, control and ownership. The criteria of successful urban design for public spaces and the role of governmental authorities in regulating and planning the public spaces will be discussed along with the boundaries and scope of public activities that can take place in public spaces. Finally, the question of whether the ownership of public space by private harms the concept of public space and the rights of citizens will be approached via different perspectives. After looking at the conceptual definitions of public space in literature and analyzing specific examples of POPS, this paper will attempt to come up with a functioning definition of public space in the private realm.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Nature of Public Spaces in the Private Realm over the Examples of Privately Owned Public Spaces in NYC

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tuğçe Ertan ◽  
Hamit Gokay Meric
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
General Notion ◽  
General View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Realm ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Privately Owned

The designing and implementation of public spaces have a crucial role in the development of cities. A city’s success is generally based on the quality of its public spaces and it is a fact that public space is an elementary aspect of urban life. Moreover, one mandatory standard for big cities to function well is there to be a welcoming public space, where a number of urban activities can take place. According to the general notion, parks, streets, city squares, sidewalks, etc. can be included in public spaces. In addition to these, some indoor spaces such as below ground stories, plaza entrances and places like waterfronts or elevated structures with new functions have been considered as public space nowadays. In order to create, design and finance public spaces, sometimes private organizations and public governmental bodies cooperate. However, a game changer in the public and private realm was the 1961 zoning program of New York City Department of City Planning. This program gave permission to private developers build more floor space than they were allowed in exchange for supplying public spaces. As a result of this act, privately owned public spaces (POPS) were created blurring the definition of public space. Today there are more than five hundred POPS in NYC including indoor and outdoor spaces. This study will try to provide an analysis and general view of POPS as public spaces questioning the issues about their use, control and ownership. The criteria of successful urban design for public spaces and the role of governmental authorities in regulating and planning the public spaces will be discussed along with the boundaries and scope of public activities that can take place in public spaces. Finally, the question of whether the ownership of public space by private harms the concept of public space and the rights of citizens will be approached via different perspectives. After looking at the conceptual definitions of public space in literature and analyzing specific examples of POPS, this paper will attempt to come up with a functioning definition of public space in the private realm.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Nature of Public Spaces in the Private Realm over the Examples of Privately Owned Public Spaces in NYC

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tuğçe Ertan ◽  
Hamit Gokay Meric
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
General Notion ◽  
General View ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Realm ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Privately Owned

The designing and implementation of public spaces have a crucial role in the development of cities. A city’s success is generally based on the quality of its public spaces and it is a fact that public space is an elementary aspect of urban life. Moreover, one mandatory standard for big cities to function well is there to be a welcoming public space, where a number of urban activities can take place. According to the general notion, parks, streets, city squares, sidewalks, etc. can be included in public spaces. In addition to these, some indoor spaces such as below ground stories, plaza entrances and places like waterfronts or elevated structures with new functions have been considered as public space nowadays. In order to create, design and finance public spaces, sometimes private organizations and public governmental bodies cooperate. However, a game changer in the public and private realm was the 1961 zoning program of New York City Department of City Planning. This program gave permission to private developers build more floor space than they were allowed in exchange for supplying public spaces. As a result of this act, privately owned public spaces (POPS) were created blurring the definition of public space. Today there are more than five hundred POPS in NYC including indoor and outdoor spaces. This study will try to provide an analysis and general view of POPS as public spaces questioning the issues about their use, control and ownership. The criteria of successful urban design for public spaces and the role of governmental authorities in regulating and planning the public spaces will be discussed along with the boundaries and scope of public activities that can take place in public spaces. Finally, the question of whether the ownership of public space by private harms the concept of public space and the rights of citizens will be approached via different perspectives. After looking at the conceptual definitions of public space in literature and analyzing specific examples of POPS, this paper will attempt to come up with a functioning definition of public space in the private realm.

scholarly journals KAJIAN MENGENAI RUMAH KOPI SEBAGAI RUANG PUBLIK DI KERAMAIAN KOTA KAWASAN BLOK M

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 829
Author(s):  
Alfredo Wijaya Putera
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Millennial Generation ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Previous Generation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Second Wave

With the most dominant number, millennial generation is one generation which it has high income compared to the previous generation. This change has an impact on lifestyle, where one of  the  lifestyles  that  are  studied  and  understood  is  the  lifestyle   of   drinking   coffee. These lifestyle changes how community enjoying coffee, so coffee houses that exist especially in Jakarta try to adapt to this activity. Apart from that, the adaptation of coffee houses in Jakarta is also more oriented towards American culture, where its role is in the entry of coffee houses in Jakarta, especially in the era of the second wave. So the question is whether the changes in coffee houses in Jakarta are in accordance with the definition of public spaces in cities where they can contribute to providing life, especially in urban spaces. To find out more about this, type of coffee houses studied especially in Jakarta, and get results coffee houses in Jakarta as a public space specifically providing ‘life’ only in building and forget about his role as public space in urban. Considered this problem, studied about type of coffee house in the European region, which can solve about giving a urban life. From these results, type about coffee house in European tried to be rearranged and combined with type coffee houses in Jakarta, which can contribute a urban life in Jakarta. AbstrakDengan jumlah yang paling dominan saat ini, generasi milenial adalah salah satu generasi dimana mempunyai pendapatan yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan generasi sebelumnya. Perubahan ini berdampak dalam gaya hidup, dimana salah satu gaya hidup yang dikaji dan dibatasi adalah gaya hidup ngopi. Perubahan gaya hidup ini mempengaruhi perubahan aktifitas masyarakat dalam menikmati kopi, sehingga rumah kopi yang ada khususnya di Jakarta mencoba beradaptasi dengan aktifitas ini. Terlepas dari itu, adaptasi rumah kopi yang ada di Jakarta juga lebih berorientasi pada budaya Amerika, dimana perannya pada masuknya rumah kopi di Jakarta khususnya pada era the second wave. Sehingga yang menjadi pertanyaan adalah apakah perubahan rumah kopi yang ada di Jakarta sesuai dengan definisi ruang publik dalam kota dimana dapat berkontribusi dalam memberikan kehidupan, khususnya dalam ruang kota. Sehingga untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut mengenai permasalahan tersebut, maka disini dicoba di pelajari bagaimana tipe rumah kopi yang ada khususnya di Jakarta, dan didapatkan hasil bahwa rumah kopi yang ada di Jakarta dijadikan ruang publik yang lebih hidup bersifat ‘kedalam’ bangunan saja, menyampingkan sebagai fungsi ruang publik khususnya memberikan kehidupan dalam ruang kota. Sehingga dengan demikian dicoba di pelajari tipe rumah kopi khususnya yang ada di bagian daerah Eropa, dimana mempunyai ciri khusus dapat berkontribusi dalam memberikan kehidupan khususnya pada ruang kota yang di tempatinya. Dari hasil ini kemudian dicoba disusun ulang dan dikombinasikan dengan tipe rumah kopi yang ada di Jakarta, sehingga diharapkan tipe rumah kopi yang ada di Jakarta dapat berperan memberikan kehidupan khususnya pada ruang kota.

scholarly journals NYC POPS: Exploring Human Agency of the Public Sphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Anna Constable
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Privately Owned

<p>This thesis aims to investigate, through design, spatial agency within the realm of New York City’s Privately Owned Public Spaces. The notion of agency in architecture is directly linked to social and political power. Starting in 1961, New York’s city planners introduced an incentive zoning scheme (POPS) which encouraged private builders to include public spaces in their developments. Many are in active public use, but others are hard to find, under surveillance, or essentially inaccessible. Within the existing POPS sites, tension is current between the ideals of public space - completely open, accessible - and the limitations imposed by those who create and control it. Designed to be singular, contained, and mono-functional, POPS do not yet allow for newer ideas of public space as multi-functional, not contained/bounded but extending and overlapping outward.  As public-private partnerships become the model for catalyzing urban (re)development in the late 20th century, bonus space is an increasingly common land use type in major cities across the world. The quality and nature of bonus spaces created in exchange for floor area bonuses varies greatly. In many cases, tensions in privately owned space produce a severely constricted definition of the public and public life. Incentive zoning programmes continue to serve as a model for numerous urban zoning regulations, so changing ideas of public space and its design need to be tested in such spaces.  These urban plazas offer a test case through which to examine agency, exploring how social space is also political space, charged with the dynamics of power/ empowerment, interaction/ isolation, control/ freedom. This thesis looks at one such site, the connecting plaza sites along Sixth Avenue between West 47th St and West 51st St. This is an extreme example of concentrated POPS sites in New York City. Here one’s perception and occupation of space is profoundly affected by the underlying design of that space which reflects its private ownership. Privately Owned Public Space can be designed that is capable of/ challenging the notion of the public in public space, and modifying the structure of the city and its social life.</p>

Analysis on Building Readable Image of Urban Public Spaces

2013 ◽  
Vol 409-410 ◽  
pp. 883-886
Author(s):  
Bo Xuan Zhao ◽  
Cong Ling Meng
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Space Images ◽  
Urban Public Space ◽  
Good Image ◽  
The Public ◽  
The City

City, is consisting of a series continuous or intermittent public space images, and every image for each of our people living in the city is varied: may be as awesome as forbidden city Meridian Gate, like Piazza San Marco as a cordial and pleasant space and might also be like Manhattan district of New York, which makes people excited and enthusiastic. To see why, people have different feelings because the public urban space ultimately belongs to democratic public space, people live and have emotions in it. In such domain, people can not only be liberated, free to enjoy the pleasures of urban public space, but also enjoy urban life which is brought by the city's charm through highlighting the vitality of the city with humanism atmosphere. To a conclusion, no matter how ordinary the city is, a good image of urban space can also bring people pleasure.

scholarly journals Liminal Publics, Marginal Resistance

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 88-101
Author(s):  
Menna Agha ◽  
Els DeVos
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Spatial Justice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Definition Of

In 1964, indigenous Nubians were displaced from their original land – the land between what is now Egypt and that of Sudan – to modernised settlements built by the Egyptian state. The Nubians dissatisfaction with the novel built environment translated into transgressive public spaces. One of the most common transgressions was the addition of an external bench called Mastaba. Since power relations between men and women have changed, the built environment now acts as a catalyst in the exclusion of women from formal public spaces such as conventional coffee shops and squares. Mastabas function as liminal spaces, spaces which blur the boundaries between public and private spheres. As these spaces do not suit the formal understanding of public spaces, we investigate these liminal spaces in order to reveal the spatial tactics of the marginal. We argue that the existence of these spaces raises issues of spatial justice and spatial resistance.    The behaviour of liminal public spaces varies; they have the ability to transform adjacent spaces. This research investigates the role of the Mastaba in opening up the public space for women, thereby giving them the ability to contribute to the writing of their social contract. We base our analysis on extensive fieldwork, consisting of auto-ethnographic observations and participation, informed by a feminist epistemology. We use tools of spatial analysis to explore an alternative public space offered by liminality. To question the binary notions of private and public space, we ask ourselves: where does that space start? As spatial professionals, we also wonder: can we contest the hegemonic definition of public space and contribute to spatial resistance? Drawing lessons from the case of the Mastaba, we propose contingencies for designing the liminal that serve the marginal.

scholarly journals Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Marina Perez
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Public Space ◽  
The Public ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.

scholarly journals PUBLIC VS PRIVATE SECTOR OWNED URBAN PUBLIC SPACE PERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF USER PERCEPTION IN CITY OF COLOMBO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Fayas ◽  
◽  
M.T.O.V. Peiris ◽  
K.G.P. Kalugalla ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
User Perception ◽  
Urban Public Space ◽  
The Public ◽  
Access Controls ◽  
Publicly Owned ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Private Sector Involvement

Public spaces are considered one of the fundamental elements in the urban context to promote leisure and recreation for urban dwellers. Public spaces contain variations within each other from the physical appearance, activities, and to usage factors. Private sector involvement for public space provision was increased in the recent past where public space ownership and access controls were shifted from solely public to private. This was criticized as privatization of public space and lead to debates on the decline of publicness and privacy of space. In this context, this research studied the public space from the user perception by considering publicly owned and operated versus privately owned and operated public spaces within Colombo, Sri Lanka. It is also explored the balance between ownership and access controls to determine the user preference in terms of the publicness features. User defined public space features were identified using 35 semi-structured interviews and 119 online questionnaire surveys. Qualitative analytic tools were used to evaluate the results including Content analysis and Space-shaper models with the support of NVivo software. The results revealed that publicly owned spaces were preferred by the users due to easy access and freedom for activities while privately owned spaces were preferred due to better infrastructure, safety, and security within. Also, it is identified that urban public space offered users the freedom to experience based on the levels of ownership and access controls. Finally, people preferred ownership by public over private sector as anecdotal evidence and values dominated in the public space attributes. This study provides key insights for planners to consider in the public space planning and the importance of private sector involvement and balance in the provision of optimal urban spaces in cities.

scholarly journals An Intersectional Analysis of Urban Public Interiors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin I. Tehve ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
False Image ◽  
Physical Spaces ◽  
Privately Owned

This paper proposes an analysis of New York City’s Interior Privately owned Public Spaces (INT POPS) and the quality of public space they generate. Intersectionality here is a methodology to examine key attributes of INT POPS simultaneously. This method offers opportunities to question prevailing typologies of the term public that are oppositional in nature; this opposition serves to occlude the mutually dependent nature of the types. INT POPS are vaguely programmed, bounded, enclosed and enable proximity, and generate a social space recognizable as an essential characteristic of urban life: a visible aggregation of individuals prior to definition as a collective. Without a simultaneous examination of the physical spaces themselves and the rules, laws and codes that govern them these spaces a false image of a universally accessible space is produced.

The right to live in the city

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 550-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Official Control ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

Purpose – Moral values and behavioural codes that governed the urban life and the appropriation of urban spaces changed significantly in Baku over the last two decades leading to conflicts over the right behaviour in the city and about the question who has the right to set the rules in public spaces. The purpose of this paper is to explore the current political as well as social rules that govern the public spaces in Baku and how they are discussed in order that the city should appear “European” in contrast to “oriental”. Design/methodology/approach – The author focuses on everyday practices of people acting in the public sphere, how they use the space and which discussions emerge around different behaviour in public places. The paper is based on observations and interviews the author made between August 2010 and May 2012. Findings – The paper shows new ways of appropriation of public space and dealing with social as well as official control. Originality/value – The paper presents new research on a quickly changing post-Soviet city.

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