Analysis of the spectral properties of wheat growth in different vegetation periods

The article presents a technique for studying space images based on the analysis of the spectral brightness coefficient (SBC) of space images of the earth's surface. Recognition of plant species, soils, and territories using satellite images is an applied task that allows to implement many processes in agriculture and automate the activities of farmers and large farms. The main tool for analyzing satellite imagery data is the clustering of data that uniquely identifies the desired objects and changes associated with various reasons. Based on the data obtained in the course of experiments on obtaining numerical SBC values, the patterns of behavior of the processes of reflection of vegetation, factors that impede the normal growth of plants, and the proposed clustering of the spectral ranges of wave propagation, which can be used to determine the type of objects under consideration, are revealed. Recognition of these causes through the analysis of SBC satellite images will create an information system for monitoring the state of plants and events to eliminate negative causes. SBC data is divided into non-overlapping ranges, i.e. they form clusters reflecting the normal development of plant species and deviations associated with negative causes. If there are deviations, then there is an algorithm that determines the cause of the deviation and proposes an action plan to eliminate the defect. It should be noted that the distribution of the brightness spectra depends on the climatic and geographical conditions of the plant species and is unique for each region. This study refers to the Akmola region, where grain crops are grown

THE SQUARE AS SYMBOLIC SPACE IN A.S. PUSHKIN’s WRITING

Repetition and variation of some baseline motives and images are a hallmark of A. Pushkin’s poetic system. A comprehensive system of A. Pushkin’s writing arises due to complex and contradictory relationships of specific elements. A principle of ‘resourceful contradiction’ forms the basis for the system. The square is one of the key space images which not only unites a wide range of works (from ‘Boris Godunov’ tragedy to ‘The Captain’s Daughter’ novel) but forms a recurrent plot as well. The author of the paper demonstrates the functioning of this image and elicits its semantics by means of numerous texts. The square space in Pushkin’s works is both a death site and a place of salvation; both a place of historic resolutions and a place of historic dead end. Special attention is paid to the allusive principle which is constitutive in Pushkin’s fiction system. The image of the square is inseparable from the events of December, 14, 1825 and July, 25, 1826 in a number of works (‘The Bronze Horseman’, ‘The Captain’s Daughter’ and others).

GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Earth remote sensing and using the satellite images play an important role when monitoring the effects of forest fires and assessing damage. Applying different methods of multispectral space images processing, we can determine the risk of fire distribution, define hot spots and determine thermal parameters, mapping the damaged areas and assess the consequences of fire. The purpose of the work is the severity assessment connected with the post-fire period on the example of the forests in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone. The tasks of the study are to define the area of burned zones using space images of different time which were obtained from the Sentinel-2 satellite applying the method of a normalized burn ratio (NBR) and method of supervised classification. Space images taken from the Sentinel-2 satellite before and after the fire were the input data for the study. Copernicus Open Access Hub service is a source of images and its spatial resolution is 10 m for visible and near infrared bands of images, and 20 m for medium infrared bands of images. We used method of Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and automatically calculated the area damaged with fire. Using this index we were able to identify areas of zones after active combustion. This index uses near and middle infrared bands for the calculations. In addition, a supervised classification was performed on the study area, and signature files were created for each class. According to the results of the classification, the areas of the territories damaged by the fire were also calculated. The scientific novelty relies upon the application of a method of using the normalized combustion coefficient (NBR) and supervised classification for space images obtained before and after the fire in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. The practical significance lies in the fact that the studied methods of GIS technologies can be used to identify territories and calculate the areas of vegetation damaged by fires. These results can be used by local organizations, local governments and the Ministry of Emergency Situations to monitor the condition and to plan reforestation. The normalized burned ratio (NBR) gives possibility efficiently and operatively to define and calculate the area which were damaged by fires, that gives possibility operatively assess the consequences of such fires and estimate the damage. The normalized burned ratio allows to calculate the area of burned forest almost 2 times more accurately than the supervised classification. The calculation process itself also takes less time and does not require additional procedures (set of signatures). Supervised classification in this case gives worse accuracy, the process itself is longer, but allows to determine the area of several different classes.

Information system of analysis of geodata for tracking changes of vegetation

The rapid growth of geo-information technology capabilities in the field of spatial data processing and analysis has led to a significant growth of the role of geo-information systems in different areas of human activity. Application of approaches to spatial information processing from satellites new for more effective and efficient assessment of the state of plant cover is caused by growing tendency of availability to data of Earth remote sensing. The article offers an information system that allows to quickly and conveniently track changes in the vegetation. The analysis was carried out on the example of the Chornobyl Area between 2000 and 2020. The Chornobyl Disaster coincides with the period of intensive vegetative plant development. During that period, they are most sensitive to radiation. It has been established that for defining the quantitative state of biomass the NDVI index at different time intervals is most often used. But this index becomes ineffective during periods of weakening of active phase of vegetation. This is therefore of practical interest to assess the possibility of using the K-means clustering for the analysis of space images of vegetation cover at different phases of vegetation. As a result of the research, water surface, land with and without vegetation has been correctly interpreted, thus determining the land with a sparse vegetation and dense vegetation cover. The maps of the vegetation cover according to the normalized vegetative index using the K-medium method were constructed, the method by which changes in vegetation over 20 years can be clearly observed. The accuracy results were verified with the Common Method Bias. According to the calculations, despite all natural cataclysms (temperature increase, drought, winter anomalies of precipitations and temperatures, storms, forest fires), as well as human activity (sanitary clear cuttings, illegal logging), vegetation in the Chornobyl zone continues to grow and its areas will increase, although not so quickly.

Main features of reforming the coasts of Kaniv reservoir

Reservoirs provide an electricity generation, promote the development of water transport, municipal and industrial water supply, irrigation, fisheries, recreation and other economic and social needs. However, calls are increasingly being made to limit the creation of new artificial reservoirs and even to destroy existing ones. The reason for this is the significant and very real negative environmental consequences of their creation and functioning – flooding of large areas of valuable land in river valleys, relocation of large numbers of people to new areas, flooding of low and erosion of high banks of reservoirs, deterioration of river water quality due to stagnation and "blooming” and many others. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of reforming the shores of the Kaniv Reservoir under the impact of hydrological and morphological processes, measures for the coast protection from erosion, deepening the channel and alluvium of new lands by dredging (mainly in the upper part of the reservoir) are considered. The study of this problem in the reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade, including Kaniv, we started from 1993-1997. Therefore, research methods have changed significantly at different stages. Standard methods of soil science were used to study the impact of the reservoir on the coastal soils, primarily on flooding, waterlogging and soil erosion. Since 2010, more detailed terresrial and water expeditionary routes (land) studies have been started to study the overgrowth of the reservoir with hydrophytic and hygrophytic vegetation with the formation of hydromorphic soils on the islands of the reservoir and its coast. Remote sensing methods of the Earth for analyzing the series of space images Landsat-2, 4-5, 7 and 8 were used to study the temporal and spatial changes of landscapes, as well as geospatial positioning of observation points by GARMIN GPS receiver. The important role of the dams construction and pumping stations to protect the low shores of the reservoir from flooding was noted, which, however, created significant problems in the operation of the facility due to rising electricity prices. Attention is paid to the ecological consequences of the new alluvial lands development within the reservoir water area, in particular to “blooming” and deterioration of water quality, as well as to the limitation of the ability to pass extreme floods and the threat of adjacent territories submergence. The nature of erosion and abrasion of the high right bank was studied with the use of a quadcopter, mainly in the area from the village of Rzhishchiv to the village of Trakhtemiriv. The role of marl clays in weakening the abrasion of shores is emphasized and their vulnerability to destruction is shown. The role and development of ravines on the coast and their participation in the fragmentary formation of hydromorphic landscapes along steep cliffs are noted. On the low left bank there is a reformation of the shores in the area from the village of Kyiliv to the Rzhyshchiv military range, where large areas are set aside for fisheries, hunting and recreational activities, as a result of which the wetlands are reduced. The uncertainty of the problem of pumping the water of the Trubizh River into the reservoir to protect the floodplain lands from submergence is emphasized. It is not recommended to use “Raketa” ships for water transport in this reservoir due to their negative impact on shoreline abrasion.

Natural Phenomena, Geoactive Zones and Their Use in Landscape Design

The research was carried out in the Vishersky Nature Reserve and in the adjacent territories (Perm Krai). We used methods of phyto- and bioindication and decoding of satellite images with the allocation of 8 types of geoactive zones with diameters 1, 3, 8, 16, 32, 55, 76 and 110 m. Such zones are favorable for biota and are studied by the biolocation method, the data of which have been confirmed by contact photography since 2009. It is shown that the studied 25 natural phenomena were formed on a combination of 2-3 “junior” zones with dimensions of 1–8 m when they were placed inside 2–3 “senior” zones with a size of 16–110 m. A hypothesis is put forward explaining the appearance of natural phenomena by the action of the Earth’s energies and their synergetic when radiating through geoactive zones. Distances from the centers of zones forming comfortable belts in the form of rings for biota are recommended for use in landscape design. For the most numerous zones of 1 and 3 m in size, this belt is located between radii of 0.31–0.48 m. For a zone of 8 m in size, the comfort ring is located between radii of 0.91–3.20 m; for a zone of 16 m — within a radius of 1.45 m and further to the zone border; for a zone of 32 m — from 1.75 m and to its border. For large zones 55, 76 and 110 m, they are determined from single observations and start from about a distance of 5.3 m; at the same time, there are additional belts identified in space images. The use of comfort rings of geoactive zones will help to create compositions of trees and shrubs directly on the rocks, as well as to grow different types of plants in dense biogroups.

Software and technological complex of identification of sea vessels based on the use of radar space images Sentinel 1

The paper considers the problem of using images from SAR satellites for the identification of seagoing vessels. It describes the main functions of software and technological complex of the automated monitoring. The system is operated with utilizing space images of SAR satellites Sentinel 1A (B). The algorithmic part, which implements the detection on the sea surface the marks associated with ships, is described in details. To reduce the impact of speckle-noise, the image is pre-processed with the improved Lee-filter. Further processing lies in using an adaptive threshold algorithm that provides detection for each local background fragment of the image the unusually bright pixels, at the same time the algorithm provides a constant probability of error. By solving a nonlinear equation, for each position of the background window the algorithm finds the threshold brightness value and then all pixels above this value are considered vessels. In advance the evaluation of parameters of statistical distribution of pixels’ brightness is performed for each position of the background window. K-mean is used for such distribution. The selected bright pixels are combined into compact groups and their size and coordinates are being determined. The obtained results are compared with the data of the AIS, Automatic Identification System of ships, and the results are displayed on a cartographic basis.

Degradation of glaciation of the Kazbek-Dzhimarai mountain cluster and individual glaciers in the river basins Urukh, Ardon, Fiagdon, Gizeldon and Genaldon (territory of North Ossetia- Alania)

Работа направлена на исследование темпов деградации оледенения Центрального Кавказа в пределах Горной Осетии с охватом юго-восточных склонов Казбеко-Джимарайского мас- сива на территории Грузии. Основным методом был выбран сравнительный анализ площадей оле- денения, отображенных на государственных топографических картах М 1 : 50 000, выполненных на основе аэрофотосъемки 1957 года и дешифрированных площадях оледенения на космических сним- ках GOOGL 2020 года для той же территории. В процессе работы были применены математиче- ские приемы, позволившие оценку масштабов деградации площади дневной поверхности отдельных ледово-фирновых образований сопровождать оценкой их объемов и средних мощностей. Полученные результаты для территории Горной Осетии хорошо согласуются с результатами проведения ана- логичных работ на других локальных площадях, как на территории России, так и за рубежом, что свидетельствует о глобальности распространения процесса распада горного оледенения, обуслов- ленном потеплением климата планеты. The work is aimed at studying the rate of degradation of glaciation in the Central Caucasus within Mountain Ossetia, covering the southeastern slopes of the Kazbek-Dzhimarai massif on the territory of Georgia. The main method was a comparative analysis of glacier areas displayed on state topographic maps M 1: 50,000, made on the basis of aerial photography in 1957 and decoded glaciation areas on space images of GOOGL 2020 for the same territory. In the course of the work, mathematical methods were applied that allowed the assessment of the scale of degradation of the day surface area of individual ice-fi rn formations to be accompanied by an assessment of their volumes and average thicknesses. The results obtained for the territory of Mountain Ossetia are in good agreement with the results of similar work in other local areas, both in Russia and abroad, which indicates the globality of the spread of the decay of mountain glaciation caused by the warming of the planet's climate.

Longitudinal alterations of the cisternal segment of trigeminal nerve and brain pain-matrix regions in patients with trigeminal neuralgia before and after treatment

Background Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is the most common type of chronic neuropathic facial pain, but the etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms after treatment are still not well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal changes of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve and brain pain-related regions in patients with TN before and after treatment using readout segmentation of long variable echo-train (RESOLVE) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and transverse relaxation (T2)-weighted sampling perfection with application-optimized contrast at different flip angle evolutions (T2-SPACE). Methods Twelve patients with TN and four healthy controls were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent assessment of the visual analog scale (VAS), and acquisition of RESOLVE DTI and T2-SPACE images before and at 1, 6, and 12 months after treatments. Regions-of-interest were placed on the bilateral anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve, the bilateral root entry zone (REZ), bilateral nuclear zone, and the center of pontocerebellar tracts, respectively. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was conducted with T2-SPACE images, and gray matter volumes (GMV) were measured from brain pain-matrix regions. Results The results demonstrated that the VAS scores, the axial diffusivity of the middle part of the affected cisternal trigeminal nerve, the fractional anisotropy of the bilateral nuclear zones, and the mean diffusivity of the center of pontocerebellar tract significantly changed over time before and after treatment. The changes of GMV in the pain-matrix regions exhibited similar trends to the VAS before and after treatment. Conclusion We conclude that magnetic resonance imaging with RESOLVE DTI and VBM with T2-SPACE images were helpful in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms in patients with TN before and after treatment.

The world-modeling function of Russian-foreign bilingualism in the prose of S. Aflatuni (“Clay letters, floating apples”)

The prose of the Central Asian writer Suhbat Aflatuni is analyzed in the article in the context of the concept of transculturation, which is based on the principle of interference in the interaction of different national cultures, when “cultural diversity and universality” become the “heritage” of one person (M. Epstein). To determine the specifics of the image of the world in the novel “Clay Letters, Floating Apples” (2005), the article aims to reveal the mechanism of interaction between different languages and cultural codes and to trace the world-modeling function of Russian-foreign bilingualism. The text of the novel-parable is complexly organized, it intertwines the events of the present and the past, united by the themes of the Teacher and students, the awakening of genetic memory and the acquisition of the lost ancient alphabet, the return to national spiritual origins as the life-giving moisture of life (the motive of the connection of “clay letters” and water as the source of life in the symbolism of the image of “floating apples”). Thanks to the fairy tale form of the narration and the stylized language based on Russian-foreign bilingualism, the effect of interference carried out “at the borders”, in the zone of inter-lingualism, the author manages to create a universal, syncretic image of the world that demonstrates the attachment of the writer's personality to many cultures. The artistic style of the novel resembles a bright ornament of an oriental carpet with cultural codes encrypted in the drawing – as a continuation of ancient national traditions. At the same time, the form of the parable, the mythologized space, images and motives, the special author's optics, which is based on Russian-foreign bilingualism, allow us to talk about the connection between the novel and the traditions of magical realism.