scholarly journals New Code for DNA Nucleotide Sequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Schaper
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Ionic Binding

DNA nucleotides consist of the complementary base pairs of Adenine-Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine-Guanine (C-G) that encode as a sequence for genes, and encode for an upstream initiation site that enables transcription. Recently, this lab has shown that steroid hormones are structurally symmetric with each of the four DNA nucleotide pairs and through an ionic binding process may enable gene transcription. Here, a new code is developed for DNA nucleotide sequences that relates to the initiation site for gene transcription. The structural code consists of the orientation of steroid molecules in binding to DNA nucleotides and the class of steroid molecules that form an intermolecular hydrogen bond with an available functional group of Thymine. This later class thereby describes a steroid hormone-DNA nucleotide-ion complex with three hydrogen bonds for A-T and T-A, which thereby matches the three internal hydrogen bonds associated with C-G and G-C. The code consists of two binary vectors to characterize the four configurations of DNA nucleotides and is shown to be consistent with known regulatory elements of DNA sequences associated with gene transcription, including the TATA box and the E-Box, along with other promoters. In addition, the code, which is bijective, is applied to analyze the DNA sequence associated with SARS-CoV-2 to identify regions with relevant structural characteristics.

scholarly journals New Code for DNA Nucleotide Sequences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Schaper
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Ionic Binding

DNA nucleotides consist of the complementary base pairs of Adenine-Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine-Guanine (C-G) that encode as a sequence for genes, and encode for an upstream initiation site that enables transcription. Recently, this lab has shown that steroid hormones are structurally symmetric with each of the four DNA nucleotide pairs and through an ionic binding process may enable gene transcription. Here, a new code is developed for DNA nucleotide sequences that relates to the initiation site for gene transcription. The structural code consists of the orientation of steroid molecules in binding to DNA nucleotides and the class of steroid molecules that form an intermolecular hydrogen bond with an available functional group of Thymine. This later class thereby describes a steroid hormone-DNA nucleotide-ion complex with three hydrogen bonds for A-T and T-A, which thereby matches the three internal hydrogen bonds associated with C-G and G-C. The code consists of two binary vectors to characterize the four configurations of DNA nucleotides and is shown to be consistent with known regulatory elements of DNA sequences associated with gene transcription, including the TATA box and the E-Box, along with other promoters. In addition, the code, which is bijective, is applied to analyze the DNA sequence associated with SARS-CoV-2 to identify regions with relevant structural characteristics.

scholarly journals Sequences involved in temperature and ecdysterone-induced transcription are located in separate regions of a Drosophila melanogaster heat shock gene.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 663-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Hoffman ◽  
V Corces
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
P Element ◽  
Heat Shock Gene ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Consensus Sequences ◽  
Shock Gene

The transcriptional regulation of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp27 (also called hsp28) gene was studied by introducing altered genes into the germ line by P element-mediated transformation. DNA sequences upstream of the gene were defined with respect to their effect on steroid hormone-induced and heat-induced transcription. These two types of control were found to be separable; the sequences responsible for 80% of heat-induced expression were located more than 1.1 kilobases upstream of the RNA initiation site, while the sequences responsible for the majority of ecdysterone induction were positioned downstream of the site at -227 base pairs. We have determined the DNA sequence of the intergenic region separating hsp23 and hsp27 and have located putative heat shock and ecdysterone consensus sequences. Our results indicate that the heat shock promoter of the hsp27 gene is organized quite differently from that of hsp70.

scholarly journals Interaction between two different regulatory elements activates the murine alpha A-crystallin gene promoter in explanted lens epithelia.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1807-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Chepelinsky ◽  
B Sommer ◽  
J Piatigorsky
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Hybrid Gene ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Hybrid Genes ◽  
Cat Gene ◽  
Cat Expression

Previous experiments have indicated that 5' flanking DNA sequences (nucleotides-366 to +46) are capable of regulating the lens-specific transcription of the murine alpha A-crystallin gene. Here we have analyzed these 5' regulatory sequences by transfecting explanted embryonic chicken lens epithelia with different alpha A-crystallin-CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) hybrid genes (alpha A-crystallin promoter sequences fused to the bacterial CAT gene in the pSVO-CAT expression vector). The results indicated the presence of a proximal (-88 to +46) and a distal (-111 to -88) domain which must interact for promoter function. Deletion experiments showed that the sequence between -88 and -60 was essential for function of the proximal domain in the explanted epithelia. A synthetic oligonucleotide containing the sequence between -111 and -84 activated the proximal domain when placed in either orientation 57 base pairs upstream from position -88 of the alpha A-crystallin-CAT hybrid gene.

Interaction between two different regulatory elements activates the murine alpha A-crystallin gene promoter in explanted lens epithelia

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1807-1814
Author(s):  
A B Chepelinsky ◽  
B Sommer ◽  
J Piatigorsky
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Hybrid Gene ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Hybrid Genes ◽  
Cat Gene ◽  
Cat Expression

Previous experiments have indicated that 5' flanking DNA sequences (nucleotides-366 to +46) are capable of regulating the lens-specific transcription of the murine alpha A-crystallin gene. Here we have analyzed these 5' regulatory sequences by transfecting explanted embryonic chicken lens epithelia with different alpha A-crystallin-CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) hybrid genes (alpha A-crystallin promoter sequences fused to the bacterial CAT gene in the pSVO-CAT expression vector). The results indicated the presence of a proximal (-88 to +46) and a distal (-111 to -88) domain which must interact for promoter function. Deletion experiments showed that the sequence between -88 and -60 was essential for function of the proximal domain in the explanted epithelia. A synthetic oligonucleotide containing the sequence between -111 and -84 activated the proximal domain when placed in either orientation 57 base pairs upstream from position -88 of the alpha A-crystallin-CAT hybrid gene.

scholarly journals Transcription of the interleukin 4 gene is regulated by multiple promoter elements.

1993 ◽  
Vol 177 (6) ◽  
pp. 1663-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Todd ◽  
M J Grusby ◽  
J A Lederer ◽  
E Lacy ◽  
A H Lichtman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Inducible Expression ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Upstream Sequence ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cytokine Genes

Activation of T helper cell 1 (Th1) and Th2 results in transcription of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-4 cytokine genes, respectively. Whereas many of the regulatory elements and factors responsible for IL-2 transcription in T cells are well defined, little is known about parallel mechanisms that drive transcription of the IL-4 gene. Here we have analyzed the murine IL-4 promoter, both in vivo and in a Th2 clone. 3 kb of IL-4 upstream sequence is shown to be sufficient to achieve tissue-specific and inducible expression of a thymidine kinase reporter gene in vivo in a manner that mirrors the expression of endogenous IL-4. Tissue-specific and inducible expression is also demonstrated in a Th2 clone, but not in a B cell line. Deletional and mutational analysis of the IL-4 promoter demonstrated that sequences from -100 to -28 were necessary for a transcriptional response to Concanavalin A or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. An overlapping, yet smaller region, spanning the sequences from -60 to -28 bp was shown to be required for the response to ionomycin. Mutation of an 8-bp region from -43 to -35 of the IL-4 promoter completely abrogated IL-4 gene transcription in response to all stimuli tested. In addition, our results show that the effects of the immunosuppressive agent Cyclosporin A map to the same DNA sequences as the positive control elements. These results identify DNA sequences that are functionally important for the control of IL-4 gene transcription both in vivo and in vitro. Although these sequences are highly conserved in the human and murine IL-4 genes, they are largely not present in the IL-2 enhancer complex. Thus, cytokine-specific cis-acting elements may be one mechanism by which these two cytokine genes are differentially regulated.

The novel double-folded structure of d(GCATGCATGC): a possible model for triplet-repeat sequences

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2119-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunachalam Thirugnanasambandam ◽  
Selvam Karthik ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Mandal ◽  
Namasivayam Gautham
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Single Strand ◽  
Triplet Repeat ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Purine Base ◽  
Ion Interactions ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Triplet Repeat Sequences

The structure of the decadeoxyribonucleotide d(GCATGCATGC) is presented at a resolution of 1.8 Å. The decamer adopts a novel double-folded structure in which the direction of progression of the backbone changes at the two thymine residues. Intra-strand stacking interactions (including an interaction between the endocylic O atom of a ribose moiety and the adjacent purine base), hydrogen bonds and cobalt-ion interactions stabilize the double-folded structure of the single strand. Two such double-folded strands come together in the crystal to form a dimer. Inter-strand Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds form four base pairs. This portion of the decamer structure is similar to that observed in other previously reported oligonucleotide structures and has been dubbed a `bi-loop'. Both the double-folded single-strand structure, as well as the dimeric bi-loop structure, serve as starting points to construct models for triplet-repeat DNA sequences, which have been implicated in many human diseases.

scholarly journals Interferon-responsive regulatory elements in the promoter of the human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase gene.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4498-4504 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Benech ◽  
M Vigneron ◽  
D Peretz ◽  
M Revel ◽  
J Chebath
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Constitutive Enhancer ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Simplex Virus

The interferon (IFN)-activated human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase E gene contains 11 RNA starts and lacks TATA and CAAT signals. DNA sequences around the promoter make the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT) inducible over 20-fold by IFN. A 72-base-pair segment (E-IRS) immediately upstream of the RNA starts was defined as being required for IFN-activated expression of the E-gene promoter-CAT constructs and acts in a position-independent manner. It also confers IFN-activated enhancement to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter. On this promoter, the 5' part of the E-IRS functions as a constitutive enhancer, while the last 16 base pairs of the E-IRS is sufficient to give IFN-induced expression. On the E-gene promoter, the constitutive enhancer and the IFN-activated sequence are both needed but can be separated. In addition, promoter competition experiments indicate a third regulatory region which helps to repress expression of the E gene in uninduced cells.

pH-Modulated Watson–Crick Duplex–Quadruplex Equilibria of Guanine-Rich and Cytosine-Rich DNA Sequences 140 Base Pairs Upstream of thec-kitTranscription Initiation Site

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (46) ◽  
pp. 12663-12671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Bucek ◽  
Joaquim Jaumot ◽  
Anna Aviñó ◽  
Ramon Eritja ◽  
Raimundo Gargallo
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
Base Pairs

scholarly journals GENETIC AND PHYSICAL STUDIES OF A PORTION OF THE WHITE LOCUS PARTICIPATING IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AND IN SYNAPSIS-DEPENDENT INTERACTIONS IN DROSOPHILA ADULT TISSUES

Genetics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-494
Author(s):  
Dan Davison ◽  
Carolyn H Chapman ◽  
Cathy Wedeen ◽  
Paul M Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Adult Tissues ◽  
White Locus ◽  
White Mutant

ABSTRACT We have identified and sequenced the portion of the white locus affected by an idiosyncratic set of white mutant alleles (the wsp alleles). The affected white locus portion (wsp region) extends from ca. 590 base pairs (bp) to ca. 1270 bp 5' to the apparent start site for the major white transcription unit. Based on the properties of these mutant alleles, we infer the existence of two distinct cis-acting regulatory elements in the wsp region and a third element mapping 3' to this region (3' to position ca. -670). Our analysis allows us to define the apparent position of one of the two wsp region elements with substantial precision. Examination of the DNA sequences in this region suggests that it is functionally similar to the enhancers identified in vertebrates. This same element participates in synapsis-dependent genetic interactions, suggesting a largely unexpected relationship between enhancer-like, cis-acting genetic elements and the genetic elements responsible for the synapsis-dependent genetic interactions in trans revealed by the existence of transvection effects. Our results further suggest that a presumptive regulatory locus (suppressor-of-white-spotted) regulates white transcription in adult tissues and is not involved in regulating white expression in larvae. We discuss the regulation of white expression in light of our studies. We also demonstrate unusual structures for an X-ray-induced deletion and a spontaneous deletion.

Interferon-responsive regulatory elements in the promoter of the human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase gene

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4498-4504
Author(s):  
P Benech ◽  
M Vigneron ◽  
D Peretz ◽  
M Revel ◽  
J Chebath
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
E Gene ◽  
Constitutive Enhancer ◽  
Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase Gene ◽  
Simplex Virus

The interferon (IFN)-activated human 2',5'-oligo(A) synthetase E gene contains 11 RNA starts and lacks TATA and CAAT signals. DNA sequences around the promoter make the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT) inducible over 20-fold by IFN. A 72-base-pair segment (E-IRS) immediately upstream of the RNA starts was defined as being required for IFN-activated expression of the E-gene promoter-CAT constructs and acts in a position-independent manner. It also confers IFN-activated enhancement to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter. On this promoter, the 5' part of the E-IRS functions as a constitutive enhancer, while the last 16 base pairs of the E-IRS is sufficient to give IFN-induced expression. On the E-gene promoter, the constitutive enhancer and the IFN-activated sequence are both needed but can be separated. In addition, promoter competition experiments indicate a third regulatory region which helps to repress expression of the E gene in uninduced cells.

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