Review of current and future directions of antiviral therapy of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in Russia

Aim: to determine the perspectives for the use of drugs with combined antiviral, anti - inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity on the basis of medical studies of existing antiviral drugs for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections in Russia. Materials and methods. A brief review of the antiviral drugs used in Russia for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections was conducted on the basis of 37 articles published in Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and RSCI databases in the period from 1997 to 2018. Results. Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir), is slowly developing due to the mutations of the neuraminidase gene H275Y and Q136K. Most influenza A viruses remain resistant to adamantane antivirals. Repeated use of immunomodulators with indirect antiviral action leads to a hyporeactivity of the immune system and, subsequently, to a decrease in their effectiveness. Positive clinical and laboratory data in clinical trials were obtained using Enisamium iodide, a drug with combined action - direct antiviral, and immunomodulatory. Conclusion. According to the WHO strategy, the results of the review demonstrate the need for continued research of medications with combined antiviral and pathogenetic effects on the infectious process caused by influenza and acute respiratory viral infections.

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ETIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF INFLUENZA AND OTHER ARVI IN ST. PETERSBURG DURING EPIDEMIC SEASONS 2012-2016

Voprosy Virusologii ◽

10.18821/0507-4088-2018-63-5-233-239 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 233-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. M. Pisareva ◽

V. A. Eder ◽

Zh. V. Buzitskaya ◽

T. D. Musaeva ◽

V. S. Afanaseva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Leningrad Region ◽

Adenovirus Infection ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Parainfluenza Viruses ◽

High Incidence ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

The etiological structure of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections including their rate of incidence in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region during 4 epidemic seasons has been studied. Seasonality of some respiratory viruses was shown and peaks of circulation of RSV, adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, rhinovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus and coronavirus were marked. The interference of influenza A viruses and RSV, RSV and rhinoviruses was highlighted. A high incidence of adenovirus infection in organized communities and RSV infection in children was revealed.

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Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy ◽

10.1177/106002808702100501 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 399-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Milap C. Nahata

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antiviral Agent ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Investigational Drug ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Herpes Encephalitis ◽

Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽

Varicella Zoster ◽

Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

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Acute non-atopic late-onset asthma induced by respiratory infection

Russian Pulmonology ◽

10.18093/0869-0189-2005-0-1-53-57 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 53-57

Author(s):

S. A. Sobchenko ◽

O. S. Schetchikova ◽

N. V. Yakovleva

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Late Onset ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Atopic Asthma ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Asthma Patients ◽

Bacterial Associations ◽

Autumn And Winter

The aim of the study was to investigate features of respiratory infection inducing acute non-atopic late-onset asthma (NLA). Virologic and microbiologic examinations of brash biopsy samples of rhinopharyngeal and bronchial mucosa and bronchial lavage fluid were performed in 116 NLA patients admitted to a hospital in autumn and winter. The leading cause of acute NLA was found to be respiratory viral infections. We noted that different clinical NLA types had different sensibility to various viruses: adenoviruses mainly caused exacerbations of aspirin-induced asthma, respiratory syncytial and influenza A viruses were prevalently determined in non-atopic asthma. Patients with posttuberculotic lesions of the lungs mostly had viral and bacterial associations. Such mixed infection resulted in more severe and prolonged exacerbations of NLA.

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Evaluation of the effectiveness of ARVI treatment regimen including etiotropic (enisamium iodide) and symptomatic treatment

Terapevticheskii arkhiv ◽

10.26442/00403660.2020.03.000572 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 50-55

Author(s):

D. A. Lioznov ◽

E. J. Karnaukhova ◽

T. G. Zubkova ◽

E. V. Shakhlanskaya

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Randomized Study ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Main Group ◽

Average Score ◽

Control Group ◽

Symptomatic Therapy ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

Aim. To assess the effectiveness of the use of the antiviral drug enisamium iodide in the complex treatment of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) caused by various pathogens in routine clinical practice. Materials and methods. А prospective randomized study included 134 patients who were treated in the epidemic season of influenza and ARVI in 20182019. All patients were examined for the presence of influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses in nasopharyngeal swabs by PCR. Patients of the main group received enisamium iodide along with symptomatic therapy, the control group received only symptomatic therapy. The primary parameter of the effectiveness of therapy was evaluated on the scale of the general severity of the manifestations of ARVI (Total Symptom Score TSS) from the 2nd to the 4th day and by the secondary criteria of effectiveness: assessment of the duration of ARVI, the severity of fever, the proportion of patients with normal body temperature, the duration of the main clinical symptoms of acute respiratory viral infections, the proportion of patients in whom complications requiring antibiotics were noted, the dynamics of interferon status on the 6th day. To conduct a statistical analysis, depending on the efficiency parameter, the ANCOVA method with a fixed group factor and an initial score on the TSS severity scale was used as covariates, a criterion for comparing quantitative indicators in two independent groups. Results. According to the results of the analysis of the primary efficacy parameter, the median (interquartile range) of the average score on the scale of the general severity of ARVI manifestations in the main group was 4.33 (3.675.83), in the comparison group 6.00 (4.677.25; p0.001). The duration of systemic and local manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections was statistically significantly less in the main group (p=0.002 and p=0.019, respectively). Prescription of additional therapy was required in 2 (2.9%) patients of the main group (patients taking enisamium iodide), compared with 8 (11.9%) patients in the control group. Serum levels of interferon  and interferon  on the last day of treatment were statistically significantly higher in patients of the main group compared with the control group (p0.001). Treatment (excellent) was evaluated by 42 (62.7%) patients, while in the control group only 17 (25.8%) patients gave similar ratings. Both patients (p0.001) and doctors (p0.002) rated therapy tolerance better in the study group. Conclusion. The results confirmed the safety and effectiveness of enisamium iodide as a treatment for ARVI and influenza. The antiviral, interferonogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of the drug are involved in the formation of an antiviral response and reduce the risk of complications, which makes it possible to reduce the number of symptomatic agents used.

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Study of effectiveness of antiviral drugs (umifenovir, triazavirin) against acute respiratory viral infections

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj2018-215 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 215-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E P Tikhonova ◽

T Yu Kuz'mina ◽

N V Andronova ◽

O A Tyushevskaya ◽

T A Elistratova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Therapy ◽

Clinical Efficacy ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Antiviral Drugs ◽

Control Group ◽

Efficacy And Safety ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Adaptive Reactions

Aim. Comparative study of clinical efficacy and safety of antiviral drug triazavirin and umifenovir in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. Methods. The study included 100 patients aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with moderate acute respiratory viral infection. Group 1 included 34 patients receiving umifenovir 200 mg 4 times a day for 5 days, and comparison group included 32 patients who received triazavirin 1 capsule (250 mg) 3 times a day for 5 days. Group 3 (control group) included 34 patients not treated with antiviral therapy. Efficacy and safety of the studied antiviral drugs were evaluated based on clinical symptoms in the disease course and were confirmed by adaptive reactions of the organism. Results. Among patients receiving triazavirin, recovery time and fever, headache and catarrhal syndrome resolution time were less than among patients who received umifenovir. On triazavirin treatment with favorable tolerability, symptomatic medications (antipyretics) were discontinued, and the duration of their use was less, than in patients receiving umifenovir. Evaluation of clinical efficacy of umifenovir and triazavirin for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza demonstrated that the drugs effectively reverse the main symptoms of the disease (p <0.05), reduce complications incidence (18.1±2.1% vs. 55.9±3.2%, p <0.05) and contribute to the stabilization of adaptive reactions of the organism in contrast to the results of patients not receiving etiotropic therapy (6.9±2.9% vs. 12.8±2.7, p <0.05). During the use of umifenovir by day 4 and during the use of triazavirin by day 3 intoxication and catarrhal syndromes had been reversed, while in case of the absence of antiviral therapy, 55.8% of patients had continuing intoxication and catarrhal symptoms. Conclusion. The results of the study allow defining umifenovir and triazavirin as the first line of defense against acute respiratory viral infections with good efficacy and tolerability of the drugs.

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Concomitant Infections of Influenza A H1N1 and Disseminated Cryptococcosis in an HIV Seropositive Patient

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/0974-2727.163137 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (02) ◽

pp. 134-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ankit Gupta ◽

Malini R Capoor ◽

Sonal Gupta ◽

Harish Chand Sachdeva

Keyword(s):

Pandemic Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Unusual Case ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Dual Infection ◽

Seropositive Patient ◽

Seropositive Individual ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Hiv Seropositive

ABSTRACTRespiratory viral infections, especially influenza have a potential to form a fatal association with cryptococcosis in the setting of compromised immunity. Considering the lethality of these two infections, we report an unusual case of dual infection of pandemic influenza A H1N1 and disseminated cryptococcosis in an HIV seropositive individual.

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Upstream translation initiation expands the coding capacity of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses

10.1101/795815 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Sloan ◽

Marta Alenquer ◽

Liliane Chung ◽

Sara Clohisey ◽

Adam M. Dinan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Translation Initiation ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Viral Gene ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Negative Strand ◽

Coding Potential

AbstractSegmented negative-strand RNA viruses (sNSVs) include the influenza viruses, the bunyaviruses, and other major pathogens of humans, other animals and plants. The genomes of these viruses are extremely short. In response to this severe genetic constraint, sNSVs use a variety of strategies to maximise their coding potential. Because the eukaryotic hosts parasitized by sNSVs can regulate gene expression through low levels of translation initiation upstream of their canonical open reading frames (ORFs), we asked whether sNSVs could use upstream translation initiation to expand their own genetic repertoires. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that influenza A viruses (IAVs) and bunyaviruses were capable of upstream translation initiation. Using a combination of reporter assays and viral infections, we found that upstream translation in IAVs can initiate in two unusual ways: through non-AUG initiation in virally encoded ‘untranslated’ regions, and through the appropriation of an AUG-containing leader sequence from host mRNAs through viral cap-snatching, a process we termed ‘start-snatching.’ Finally, while upstream translation of cellular genes is mainly regulatory, for sNSVs it also has the potential to create novel viral gene products. If in frame with a viral ORF, this creates N-extensions of canonical viral proteins. If not, it allows the expression of cryptic overlapping ORFs, which we found were highly conserved in IAV and widely distributed in peribunyaviruses. Thus, by exploiting their host’s capacity for upstream translation initiation, sNSVs can expand still further the coding potential of their extremely compact RNA genomes.

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Burden of respiratory viral infections among inmates of a Ghanaian prison

10.21203/rs.2.14139/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Augustina Sylverken ◽

Philip El-Duah ◽

Michael Owusu ◽

Richmond Yeboah ◽

Alexander Kwarteng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Prison Population ◽

Nasal Congestion ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections ◽

Regional Capital

Abstract Respiratory viral infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Information on circulating respiratory viruses among prisoners is lacking, although this is of public health importance and knowledge would assist in putting in place preventive measures to forestall disease outbreaks. The aim of this study therefore was to get the footprint of such diseases that have epidemic potential to be described and quantified for control. Prisoners on remand numbering 203 in a prison in Kumasi, the Ashanti Regional capital, were interviewed using prevalidated questionnaire, nasopharyngeal samples taken and screened by real-time PCR for common respiratory viruses in February, 2018. Of the total number of 203 participants enrolled, majority were males (n = 198, 97.54%). The modal age unsurprisingly was in the active working class of 18 to 35 years (n = 155, 76.36%) with 48 (23.65%) of participants older than 35 years. Inmates reported nasal congestion (n = 83, 40.89%), cough with or without pharyngitis (n =108, 53.20%) and fever (n = 74, 39.48%). Viruses detected in throat samples were Influenza A (n = 1, 0.49%) and Rhinovirus (n = 8, 3.94%). There was no statistically significant association between respiratory virus positivity and age (p = 0.118), gender (p > 0.900), duration of incarceration (p = 0.239) and reported symptoms (p = 0.724). The prison population may have a lower prevalence of respiratory viruses circulating in them. This may be dominated by those with high antigenic diversity.

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Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is required for the development of protective immune memory after influenza A virus infection

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.00031.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 317 (5) ◽

pp. L591-L601 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rachel Warren ◽

William Domm ◽

Min Yee ◽

Andrew Campbell ◽

Jane Malone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A Virus ◽

Ataxia Telangiectasia ◽

Influenza A ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Immune Memory ◽

Cell Memory ◽

Memory Response ◽

Secondary Infections ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), caused by mutations in the A-T mutated ( ATM) gene, is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1 in 40,000–100,000 children. Recurrent respiratory infections are a common and challenging comorbidity, often leading to the development of bronchiectasis in individuals with A-T. The role of ATM in development of immune memory in response to recurrent respiratory viral infections is not well understood. Here, we infect wild-type (WT) and Atm-null mice with influenza A virus (IAV; HKx31, H3N2) and interrogate the immune memory with secondary infections designed to challenge the B cell memory response with homologous infection (HKx31) and the T cell memory response with heterologous infection (PR8, H1N1). Although Atm-null mice survived primary and secondary infections, they lost more weight than WT mice during secondary infections. This enhanced morbidity to secondary infections was not attributed to failure to effectively clear virus during the primary IAV infection. Instead, Atm-null mice developed persistent peribronchial inflammation, characterized in part by clusters of B220+ B cells. Additionally, levels of select serum antibodies to hemagglutinin-specific IAV were significantly lower in Atm-null than WT mice. These findings reveal that Atm is required to mount a proper memory response to a primary IAV infection, implying that vaccination of children with A-T by itself may not be sufficiently protective against respiratory viral infections.

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