scholarly journals An Informal Franco-Dutch Alliance: Trade and Diplomacy Between the Mascarenes and the Cape, 1719-1769

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Rafaël Thiébaut
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Foreign Trading

In the eighteenth century, possessions of the different European mercantilist companies rarely interacted, commercially or otherwise. For example, communication between the Dutch colony at the Cape and the French Mascarenes under the regime of the Compagnie des Indes was mostly fortuitous. However, when the French islands were in need of provisions during the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), local authorities did not hesitate to establish a direct maritime connection with the Dutch Cape Colony in order to obtain wheat and wine. Throughout the conflict, the governors of the two colonies maintained a regular and friendly correspondence to ensure such a significant flow of provisions from the Cape to the Mascarenes that the latter became the Cape’s most important foreign trading partner.

scholarly journals The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia Foreign Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Misfi laili Rohmi, Tiara Juliana Jaya, Nur Syamsiyah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
T Test ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Capital Goods ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Foreign Trading ◽  
Absolute Advantage

Indonesia is a developing country whose needs are exported from abroad. Therefore Indonesia needs foreign trade to fulfill goods that cannot be produced domestically or to distribute goods in which Indonesia has an absolute advantage in producing these goods. However, the policies are taken by the domestic government and Indonesia's foreign trading partner countries to limit the spread of the Covid-19 virus have an impact on the inflow of goods to and from abroad. Thus, this study intends to see how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected Indonesia's foreign trade by using the Paired Sample T-test, which observes conditions before and during/after a pandemic occurs. This study found that the Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on Indonesia's foreign trade from the aspect of oil and gas exports, imports of raw materials, and imports of Indonesian capital goods.

L'exécuteur des sentences criminelles en France au dernier siècle de l'Ancien Régime

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 373-391
Author(s):  
Florence Renucci
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Ancien Regime ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Ancien Régime

Abstract The executioner in France in the last century of the Ancien Régime. – In the eighteenth century, many executioners were granted letters of provision and became officers of the Crown. The value of their office may have been modest, but their earnings were certainly not negligible. One of their sources of income, the droit de havage, was particularly profitable in some cities, although it was eventually reduced as a result of protests from the merchants' communities and through interventions of the local authorities and the central government. Although both legal doctrine and the population at large considered that the office of executioner was tainted by infamy, the latter maintained an ambiguous attitude towards executioners, who were associated with healing powers. In some cases, executioners, confronted with negative prejudices, sought remedies in law in order to protect their honour, freedom and interests.

British impressment and its discontents

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-73
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Contentious Issue ◽  
Legal Challenges

This article restates the argument that naval impressment was a contentious issue in the eighteenth century. It was subject to legal challenges during the American War of Independence. It engendered mutinies and affrays and a growing volume of litigation as the century progressed. The notion that impressment was insignificant is based on an atypical set of years during which the Admiralty strove to make naval recruitment as seamless as possible by allowing regulating officers in the ports to volunteer men who might otherwise have been impressed. The Admiralty had no wish to make impressment a contentious issue in the volatile political climate of the 1790s. It was aided in this endeavour by the circumstance of dearth and destitution, and the willingness of local authorities to augment existing bounties. As the example of the Sea Fencibles subsequently revealed, volunteering was an imperfect index of patriotic endeavour, despite claims to the contrary.

The Baratillo and the Enlightened City

2018 ◽  
pp. 36-60
Author(s):  
Andrew Konove
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
The Government ◽  
A Site

This chapter examines the Baratillo’s role in Enlightenment-era reforms to Mexico City’s public administration and built environment. While New Spain’s Bourbon rulers took a number of steps to transform the physical and social worlds of Mexico City’s poor, the government never targeted the Baratillo—a site that was synonymous with crime, license, and plebeian sociability. To understand this apparent contradiction, the chapter examines the politics of urban reform in eighteenth-century Mexico City, which saw royal, viceregal, and local authorities jostle for control over urban public spaces.

Tussen continuïteit en verandering : De invoering van de burgerlijke stand in 18111

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-546
Author(s):  
Arjan Nobel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Identification ◽  
The Church

Abstract Between continuity and change. The introduction of the civil registry office (burgerlijke stand) in 1811The introduction of the civil registry office ‐ burgerlijke stand ‐ in 1811 is often considered a significant caesura in the registration of personal data. While in previous centuries the church mainly performed this duty, the government took the task upon itself after 1811. However, this article asserts that this was in fact an instance of remarkable continuity. Already in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the government issued laws to ensure accurate registration by the church and to protect the legal identification of citizens. As this contribution shows, it was precisely with regard to this matter that an increase in centralisation took place. Until 1750, it was primarily the local authorities that laid down rules on the registration of persons. In the second half of the eighteenth century, provincial legislation increasingly came into force, and the civil registry was introduced nationally in 1811.

James Spilman, F. R. S. (1680-1763), and Anglo-Russian commerce

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Literature And Science ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Chief Physician

On 25 October 1714 the President of the Royal Society addressed the following letter to Peter the Great’s chief lieutenant: Isaac Newton greets the most powerful and honourable Mr Alexander Menshikov, Prince of the Roman and Russian Empire, Lord of Oranienburg, Chief Councillor of his Caesarian Majesty, Master of the Horse, Ruler of the Conquered Provinces, Knight of the Order of the Elephant, of the White and Black Eagle, etc. Whereas it has long been known to the Royal Society that your Emperor his Caesarian Majesty, has furthered very great advances in the arts and sciences in his Kingdom, and that he has been particularly aided by your administration not only in military and civil affairs, but also in the dissemination of literature and science, we were all filled with the greatest joy when the English merchants informed us that Your Excellency (out of his high courtesy, singular regard for the sciences, and lover of our nation) designs to join the body of our Society. At that time we had concluded our meetings until the summer and autumn seasons should be past, as is our custom. But hearing of this we at once assembled, so that by our votes we might elect Your Excellency, which we unanimously did. And now, as soon as it is possible to renew our postponed meetings, we have confirmed the election by a diploma under our common Seal. The Society, however, has instructed its Secretary that when he has sent the Diploma off to you, he should advise you of the election. Farewell. Menshikov was elected a Fellow of the Society on 29 July 1714, as the result of a letter written on 25 June by two English merchants at St. Petersburg, James Spilman and Henry Hodgkin, his trading partner, to Samuel Shepherd, an influential London merchant, intimating that the Prince sought election. This paper endeavours to explain how a Russia Company merchant, who was not himself elected a Fellow of the Royal Society until 1734, came to engineer the election to the Society of Russia’s second most powerful figure - despite the fact that Menshikov could neither read nor write. At the same time it will illustrate the close links between science and commerce in the first two decades of the eighteenth century and the significance of Spilman’s associations with Robert Erskine, F.R.S., Peter the Great’s chief physician.

scholarly journals Between the Darkness of Barbarism and the Light of Civilization: British Images of the Finn in the Late Eighteenth Century

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Anssi Halmesvirta
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth

This article aims to show that it was the British travellers (Coxe, Tooke, Clarke,et al.) to Finland in the late eighteenth century who discovered Finland for theBritish reading public. As they distinguished the Finns as a separate ‘race’ fromthe Russians, the Swedes, and the Lapps, they contributed to the proto-racialistimage of them that would become popular in the nineteenth century. BecauseSweden had become an important maritime trading partner (in iron ore, tar, andtimber) to the British, its eastern part, Finland, also became an interesting countryto visit en route from Stockholm to Saint Petersburg (or from Saint Petersburgto Stockholm). The travellers were astonished to realize that the Finnishpeasants had attained a higher degree of civilization than their Russian counterparts, who were still serfs, and additionally that there were in Finland bourgeois and noble people who had acquired culture and wealth. This image of the Finn as living between the civilized Swedes and ‘backward’ Russians was inherited by the Romantics from the enlightened travellers, and it penetrated later anthropological studies on the ‘races of man’.

scholarly journals Sacralidad y singularidad de los espacios de enterramiento en Totana (Murcia) a partir del siglo XVI

2019 ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Juan Cánovas Mulero
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Carlos Iii

En este trabajo estudiamos el cambio de ubicación de los distintos cementerios de Totana en el siglo XIX. Hasta 1811 estos espacios se situaron en templos y ermitas. Las epidemias de principios del siglo XIX obligaron a materializar las disposiciones que Carlos III había publicado en el siglo XVIII y que decretaban alejar los enterramientos de los núcleos urbanos. Fue así como las autoridades locales iniciaron la construcción de un primer cementerio en la población en 1813. Este ámbito estuvo en uso hasta que en 1885 se edificó el cementerio actual, el de Nuestra Señora del Carmen, más alejado de la población y siguiendo un modelo estético e higienista establecido por el arquitecto diocesano Justo Millán Espinosa. In this work we study the change of location of the different cemeteries of Totana in the 19th century. Until 1811 these spaces were located in temples and hermitages. The epidemics of the early nineteenth century forced to carry out the provisions that Carlos III had published in the eighteenth century which decreed the removal of burials from urban centres. This is how local authorities began the construction of a first cemetery in the population in 1813. This place was in use until 1885 when the current cemetery of «Nuestra Señora del Carmen» was built. This cemetery is further away from the population and follows an aesthetic and hygienist model established by the diocesan architect Justo Millán Espinosa.

THE MAKING OF THE PENITENTIARY ACT, 1775–1779

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON DEVEREAUX
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Local Control ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legislative Measures ◽  
Hard Labour

This article examines the series of legislative measures, beginning in 1776, which culminated in the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779. It argues that, although the Penitentiary Act is of considerable long-term significance in the history of English criminal justice and penal practices, the act passed in 1779 was in fact a somewhat modest affair by comparison with the scheme originally envisioned by its principal architects. The act embodied a decisive retreat from an original ambition to replace transportation with imprisonment at hard labour as the principal punishment next to death in late eighteenth-century England. This modification arose from a pragmatic appreciation of the limitations imposed, first, by a persistent preference amongst most legislators for transportation of the worst classes of offenders not actually put to death and, secondly, by the reluctance of local authorities to have such a preference imposed upon them to the detriment of local control of punishment and of the finances which paid for it. Attention is also drawn to how the course of events was shaped by the interaction of the act's main architects, William Eden and Sir William Blackstone, with both government and non-ministerial MPs such as Sir Charles Bunbury.

The Dutch on Khark Island: A Commercial Mishap

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Floor
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Foreign Trading ◽  
Bandar Abbas ◽  
In The Beginning

The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) was founded in 1602 and began its trading activities in Iran and the Gulf in 1623, when factories (trading stations) were established in Bandar Abbas and Isfahan, after a favorable commercial treaty had been concluded with Shah Abbas I. This was the beginning of a very profitable trade for the VOC, which throughout the 17th and in the beginning of the 18th century was Iran's most important foreign trading partner. VOC activities in Iran were not restricted to Bandar Abbas and Isfahan: the VOC also had a trading station in Kirman (1697–1739) for the collection of goat's wool, and in 1738 its sphere of activities was extended to Bushire.

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