The Effects Pandemic Covid-19 on Indonesia Foreign Trade

Indonesia is a developing country whose needs are exported from abroad. Therefore Indonesia needs foreign trade to fulfill goods that cannot be produced domestically or to distribute goods in which Indonesia has an absolute advantage in producing these goods. However, the policies are taken by the domestic government and Indonesia's foreign trading partner countries to limit the spread of the Covid-19 virus have an impact on the inflow of goods to and from abroad. Thus, this study intends to see how the Covid-19 pandemic has affected Indonesia's foreign trade by using the Paired Sample T-test, which observes conditions before and during/after a pandemic occurs. This study found that the Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on Indonesia's foreign trade from the aspect of oil and gas exports, imports of raw materials, and imports of Indonesian capital goods.

ERRORS, ALLOWED IN THE PREPARATION OF FOREIGN TRADING CONTRACTS BY RUSSIAN PARTICIPANTS OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, AND ALSO AS A RESULT OF NON-IMPLEMENTATION OR EXECUTIONS OF THE CONTRACT

The article considers the mistakes made by Russian participants in foreign economic activity, as well as the consequences of non-performance or improper performance of the contract. Remedies of the Convention as they are established by their agreed, effective system of measures.

FOREIGN TRADING AS A SUPPORT FACTOR FOR THE STATE DEFENSE SYSTEM

Artykuł podejmując temat relacji handlowych Polski z zagranicą zwraca uwagę na ich znaczenie w ramach współczesnych procesów bezpieczeństwa. Odpowiednia wymiana handlowa mająca na uwadze gospodarkę oraz przedsiębiorczość na rzecz obronności kraju, może wpływać korzystnie na stabilność ekonomiczną państwa i jego rynek zbrojeniowy. Oba są regulowane i osadzone w realiach traktatowych międzynarodowych i prawnych, Polski, Unii Europejskiej, oraz poszczególnych instytucji i państw. Autorka dokonuje przekrojowego opisu tych relacji odnosząc się do dokumentów prawnych i analizując relacje gospodarcze wpływające na system obronności państwa.

Do Investors Mimic Trading Strategies of Foreign Investors or the Market: Implications for Capital Asset Pricing

This paper examines the presence of herding on foreign trading at individual stock level and portfolio level in the Colombo Stock Exchange as a response to a long-standing trading belief that investors mimic the trading strategies of foreign investors. The standard CSAD framework of Chang et al (2000) is extended replacing return on market portfolio with return on market foreign portfolio holding in the model specification. The standard CSAD specification is also used to identify the presence of herding towards the market under high market volatility, bullish market condition, high trading and transaction volume, domestic and global market crisis and up and down market conditions. Except for the evidence on herding towards the market under bullish market condition at portfolio level, the regression results under other market conditions do not provide reasonable evidence for the presence of herding on foreign trading or herding towards the market on average. Further, taking CSAD as a proxy for heteroskedastic residuals following the framework of Banz (1981), the capital asset pricing model of Black (1972) is used to test the specification of CSAD. The findings suggest that the form of herding accounted for by CSAD is a manifestation of residual heteroskedasticity.

Revolution and Civil War on the Chukchi Peninsula

This chapter describes the chaos and disruptions that overtook the Chukchi and Yupik peoples during the Russian Civil War, which culminated with the Soviet takeover of the peninsula in 1923 and was followed by the seizure of trading posts and foreign trading vessels and the confiscation of traders’ supplies and money.

An Informal Franco-Dutch Alliance: Trade and Diplomacy Between the Mascarenes and the Cape, 1719-1769

In the eighteenth century, possessions of the different European mercantilist companies rarely interacted, commercially or otherwise. For example, communication between the Dutch colony at the Cape and the French Mascarenes under the regime of the Compagnie des Indes was mostly fortuitous. However, when the French islands were in need of provisions during the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), local authorities did not hesitate to establish a direct maritime connection with the Dutch Cape Colony in order to obtain wheat and wine. Throughout the conflict, the governors of the two colonies maintained a regular and friendly correspondence to ensure such a significant flow of provisions from the Cape to the Mascarenes that the latter became the Cape’s most important foreign trading partner.

Breaking the Soft Border

A third force at play in the British maritime public sphere, an inadvertent participant neither anti-war nor pro-war, was the ‘Canton system’. More than the physical border of the Thirteen Factories (Canton’s foreign trading quarters), the Canton system was primarily a ‘soft border’ made of a series of rules and regulations that constrained British merchants’ activities in China and restricted their interaction with Qing subjects. Soft borders here were figurative borderlines on the maritime frontier that cut through transnational information and interaction networks. By preventing interactions other than those necessary for trade, the Qing believed they had successfully prevented the possibility of foreigners joining forces with Chinese rebels—the dynasty’s major threat. The security order in Canton was paramount to the Qing ruling class. However, the Warlike party believed it necessary to start a war to abolish the system that confined British trade expansion and insulted the British Empire.