scholarly journals Re-Conceptualizing School Continuation & Re-Entry Policy for Young Mothers Living in an Urban Slum Context in Nairobi, Kenya: A Participatory Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-328
Author(s):  
Milka Perez Nyariro
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Dialogue ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Inequality In Education

This article discusses the barriers to school continuation for pregnant girls and young mothers living in low-income and marginalized contexts in Nairobi, Kenya. In the article, I suggest adopting a girl-centered framework in the policy formulation process (Moletsane, Mitchell, & Lewin, 2015). This perspective puts girls’ voices at the center of the policy formulation process to help address the persistent gender inequality in education through problem identification and an exploration of ways to combat the challenges faced by girls. The article, which analyzes studies of government’s education policies, is supported by data from my recent fieldwork investigating young mothers’ challenges to school continuation and re-entry in Kenya, within the context of Kenya’s re-entry and continuation policy effected in 1994. I discuss the school re-entry and continuationpolicies in low-income contexts using the framework of critical feminism. I argue that there is need to integrate multi-pronged, participatory and feminist frameworks to promote systematic government educational policy reforms to shore up gender equality (King & Winthrop, 2015).  To support this argument, I develop three main claims: (a) broad conceptualization of the causes of teenage pregnancy will promote the use of multi-pronged approaches to the design of school re-entry and continuation policies; (b) formulation and implementation of any robust policies on re-entry and continuation require strong integration of the voices, perspectives and the lived experiences of pregnant teenage girls and young mothers; and (c) the use of participatory visual methodologies will give voice to pregnant girls and young mothers, and promote policy dialogue while at the same time empowering them and spurring their agency to become part of policy formulation and implementation.

scholarly journals Acceptability and feasibility of a school-based contraceptive clinic in a low-income community in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nondumiso Khoza ◽  
Phindile Zulu ◽  
Maylene Shung-King
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
School Principal ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
School Based ◽  
Contraceptive Side Effects

AbstractAimTo investigate how acceptable and feasible a school-based contraceptive clinic (SBCC) would be in a low-income South African community.BackgroundTeenage pregnancy is an important issue in South Africa, with significant health and social consequences. Issues regarding lack of confidentiality in an intimate community, unwelcoming health workers, long distances to clinics and perceptions of contraceptive side effects may all inhibit contraceptive use by adolescents. Although SBCC has been initiated and investigated in other countries, this approach is inadequately researched in South Africa.MethodsA mixed method study was conducted to assess the attitudes of one community towards establishment of an SBCC in their area. Methods of data collection included: focus group discussions (FGDs) with teenage girls from a local high school; a key informant interview with the school principal; a structured survey, including open-ended questionnaires with randomly selected parents of teenage girls from the same community; and a documentary analysis to explore relevant legal and policy considerations.FindingsTeenage girls, the school principal and parents with teenage daughters largely supported the idea of an SBCC, but with concerns about confidentiality, the possibility of increased promiscuity and contraceptive side effects. While legal statutes and policies in South Africa do not pose any barriers to the establishment of an SBCC, some logistical barriers remain.

TEENAGE PREGNANCY: WHY THE EPIDEMIC?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-332
Author(s):  
Kathleen Rudd Scharf
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Contraceptive Services ◽  
The 1950S

It is the age of the Pill, yet over a million American teenagers will get pregnant this year. About 600,000 of these young women will give birth . . . . In the 1950s, of course, contraception was illegal in many states even for married adults . . . . By the mid-1960s, contraceptive services were available to some resourceful adolescents, and residents of a few states could obtain reasonably inexpensive legal abortions—though the popular press still shied away from passing along information about either one. Court decisions in the 1970s have made contraception and abortion even more widely available. Now, about 400,000 teenage girls have abortions each year. But of the 600,000 teenagers who give birth, a staggering 94% keep their children. More than a third of these young mothers do not marry. Many are struggling with medical, social, and economic problems. The teenage pregnancy epidemic of the 1970s turns out to be more of a teenage baby-keeping epidemic.

The latrine ownership ladder

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Appiah Obeng ◽  
Bernard Keraita ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Henrik Bregnhøj ◽  
Robert C. Abaidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Development Goals

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the latrine ownership ladder as a conceptual policy framework to enhance sanitation uptake in low-income peri-urban areas. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws from literature and a case study in a Ghanaian peri-urban community to highlight the challenges that undermine sanitation uptake in low-income peri-urban areas and the prospects of various levels of facility sharing as conceived in the latrine ownership ladder approach. Findings – The authors argue that the infrastructural and other socio-economic challenges of low-income peri-urban areas prevent some households from acquiring their own latrines. For such households, a more responsive approach to latrine promotion and prevention of open defecation would be the recognition of shared ownership regimes such as co-tenant shared, neighbourhood shared and community shared, in addition to the promotion of household latrines. The paper identifies provision of special concessions for peri-urban areas in policy formulation, education and technical support to households, regulation and enforcement of sanitation by-laws among complimentary policy interventions to make the latrine ownership ladder approach more effective. Originality/value – The paper provides an insight into the debate on redefining improved sanitation in the post-2015 era of the Millennium Development Goals and offers policy alternatives to policy makers in low-income countries seeking to accelerate the uptake of improved latrines among peri-urban and urban slum dwellers.

Sexuality, Schooling, and Adolescent Females: The Missing Discourse of Desire

1988 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Fine
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Sexuality Education ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
School Based ◽  
Sexual Responsibility

Michelle Fine argues that the anti-sex rhetoric surrounding sex education and school-based health clinics does little to enhance the development of sexual responsibility and subjectivity in adolescents. Despite substantial evidence on the success of both school-based health clinics and access to sexuality information, the majority of public schools do not sanction or provide such information. As a result, female students, particularly low-income ones, suffer most from the inadequacies of present sex education policies. Current practices and language lead to increased experiences of victimization, teenage pregnancy, and increased dropout rates,and consequently, ". . . combine to exacerbate the vulnerability of young women whom schools, and the critics of sex education and school-based health clinics, claim to protect."The author combines a thorough review of the literature with her research in public schools to make a compelling argument for "sexuality education" that fosters not only the full development of a sexual self but education in its broadest sense.

Unintended Teenage Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study to Explore Perspectives and Experiences of Young Mothers

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Wan Rafeza Rokimi ◽  
Fatimah Sham ◽  
Ajau Danis ◽  
Siti Zulaiha Binti Che Hat
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Young Mothers

scholarly journals Innovations in medical education in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. s23-s29
Author(s):  
David B Duong ◽  
Tom Phan ◽  
Nguyen Quang Trung ◽  
Bao Ngoc Le ◽  
Hoa Mai Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Enabling Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Graduates ◽  
Medical Education Reform ◽  
Crucial Component

Medical education reforms are a crucial component to ensuring healthcare systems can meet current and future population needs. In 2010, a Lancet commission called for ‘a new century of transformative health professional education’, with a particular focus on the needs of low-income and-middle-income countries (LMICs), such as Vietnam. This requires policymakers and educational leaders to find and apply novel and innovative approaches to the design and delivery of medical education. This review describes the current state of physician training in Vietnam and how innovations in medical education curriculum, pedagogy and technology are helping to transform medical education at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It also examines enabling factors, including novel partnerships and new education policies which catalysed and sustained these innovations. Our review focused on the experience of five public universities of medicine and pharmacy currently undergoing medical education reform, along with a newly established private university. Research in the area of medical education innovation is needed. Future work should look at the outcomes of these innovations on medical education and the quality of medical graduates. Nonetheless, this review aims to inspire future innovations in medical education in Vietnam and in other LMICs.

Dynamics of affordability and immigration in the Canadian housing market

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikkram Singh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This study aims to make two major contributions. First, given the literature gap in housing unaffordability for different immigrant groups in Canada, it makes an essential contribution to the literature. To the best of the knowledge, this study is the first study of its kind to examine housing unaffordability by examining different immigrant groups. Second, differences in unaffordability can help understand the decline in welfare, as it can have financial implications and a negative impact on health outcomes. Third, this study’s findings are valuable for policy formulation to improve immigrant integration and ease the housing unaffordability crisis. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the determinants of housing affordability to investigate differences among various immigrant groups in Canada. A bivariate logit model using public microdata from the Canadian census estimates the determinants of moderate and severe unaffordability. Additionally, the separation of tenants and owners provides insights into the dynamics of unaffordability. The results show significant differences between immigrant groups with higher levels of unaffordability among Asian immigrants. The insights can help devise and implement housing assistance programs to address the challenges arising from the post-COVID-19 pandemic phase. Findings The results indicate that unaffordability declines with increasing age, education and full-time employment. Gender dynamics are evident, with women faring worse than men regarding the likelihood of extreme housing unaffordability. Households face a greater likelihood of unaffordability in more populous provinces and larger census metropolitan areas that struggle with the high cost of living, racial disparities and low income. Immigrants, especially from Asia, Africa and the Middle East, continue to struggle with chronic and severe unaffordability issues. The impact is much more severe for those renting, exemplifying the strain it is taking on the financial health of recent immigrants. Originality/value Given the literature gap in housing unaffordability for different immigrant groups in Canada, it makes an essential contribution to the literature. To the best of the knowledge, this study is the first study of its kind to examine housing unaffordability by examining different immigrant groups.

scholarly journals Validation of PIN 3 physical activity survey in low-income overweight and obese young mothers

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Wei Chang ◽  
Derek Hales ◽  
Roger Brown ◽  
Dianne Ward ◽  
Ken Resnicow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Young Mothers ◽  
Activity Survey

scholarly journals Study of Some Sociodemographic Factors in Teenage Pregnancy

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamrun Nessa ◽  
Mossammat Zebunnesa ◽  
Nahla Bari ◽  
Adnan Bin Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Teen Mothers ◽  
Socioeconomic Condition ◽  
Group A ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Group B

Background: Teen age pregnancy is associated with adverse labour outcome. Analysis of teenage pregnancy shown it was related to a range of social back ground, family and individual factors. Objective: To study the socio demographic factors related to teenage pregnancy and its complications. Methods: A cross sectional observational study was performed over a period of one year (September 2009- August 2010) at the obstetrics department of Chittagong Medical College Hospital. Consecutive six hundred pregnant mothers admitted for delivery that were fulfilled inclusion criteria included in study group. Among them 300 were teen aged (13- 19yrs) belongs to group A and 300 were adult (20-29 yrs) belongs to group B. Socio demographic factors like habitation, religion, family income, education, occupation, contraceptive use, pregnancy plan and antenatal care enquired. Labour complications i.e. prolong or obstructed, fetal distress, mode of delivery, stillbirth, birth weight and birth asphyxia was recorded on a preformed questionnaire and statistical analysis done by using SPSS package for windows version 12. Results: Teenage mother has significant lower mean age at delivery than adults (18.61-+72 vs. 23.87-+ 2.8yrs. P<.001) among teen mothers74% were Muslim, 69% from rural area and slum. 92% were house wife 7.3% service holder and 64.7% had primary education which almost similar as comparison group. Most of the teen mothers from low income group than adult (70% vs.30%).In group A planned pregnancy were (18.7% vs.24.7%) and contraceptive use ( 21.3% vs.72%) which significantly less in comparison to group B. Regular antenatal check up also(10% vs.26%, P<001) less in them. Teen mothers found more anemic (47% vs. 30%). Obstructed labour (14.2% vs. 10.6%) Eclampsia( 3.9% vs.2.1%) and fetal distress (24.2% vs.17.1%) more in A group whereas Prolong labour( 45.5% vs. 55.3%) and Hemorrhage(5.2% vs.14.2%) less in comparison with group B. Caesarean sections and instrumental deliveries significantly higher (59.3% vs.48.7%,) & (6% vs.2.3%) and fetal outcome adverse in teen mothers in comparison to adult mothers. Conclusion: Low socioeconomic condition, limited education, religious and cultural factors all appeared to be related with teenage pregnancy and its adverse outcome.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21017

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