scholarly journals PENGATURAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM DI LANDAS KONTINEN SEHUBUNGAN DENGAN BERLAKUNYA KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT PBB 1982 KHUSUSNYA BAGI INDONESIA

Jurnal Hukum ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Munsharif Abdul Chalim
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Shelf Region

Continental shelf is a relatively new concept in international law of the sea. Full authority and exclusive rights over natural resources located in the continental shelf region and its ownership is on the coastal state, where the meaning of this natural wealth is a source of minerals and other lifeless on the seabed and subsoil. Through the establishment of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, as well as enactment of the provisions of the New Law of the Sea, Indonesia is an archipelagic state which is seen as a unified whole between the islands and waters. We realized the sea was rich in minerals mining goods that is priceless natural resources, which is expected to be able to fulfill the needs of the world if mineral resources on land are not sufficient or run out completely. In Indonesia, mostly consisting of ocean territory, surely have the very wide continental shelf, where there is a variety of natural resources, especially oil and gas resources. Hence it needs regulation for the natural resources utilization in the region.Keywords :  Continental Shelf, Natural Resources, Seabed and Subsoil.

Illegal Southern Ocean Fishing And Prompt Release: Balancing Coastal And Flag State Rights And Interests

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R Rothwell ◽  
Tim Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Geneva Convention ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
State Rights ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Seas

A feature of the new law of the sea introduced by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention),1 was the capacity for coastal states to assert vast maritime claims over waters adjacent to their coastlines. A continental shelf could be claimed out to a minimum of 200 nautical miles,2 while the newly recognized Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) also extended out to 200 nautical miles.3 The continental shelf had previously been recognized under the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf4 and so the extension of coastal state sovereign rights over the seabed and subsoil was consistent with already existing law of the sea principles. However the EEZ, which gave to coastal states sovereign rights over the living and non-living resources of the sea-bed and adjacent waters,5 was a new initiative of the LOS Convention and represents one of the most significant contemporary expansions of state sovereignty. By contrast with the extended continental shelf, which did not affect any significant pre-existing activities on the sea-bed, the new EEZ had a major impact upon fishing activities. As coastal states around the world eagerly proclaimed EEZs, waters previously considered high seas areas available for fishing6 were now within the reach of state fisheries’ jurisdiction and control. The result has been that under contemporary international law those waters available for the exercise of the high seas ‘freedom’ of fishing,7 have gradually been reduced. This new regime, in combination with parallel initiatives to regulate some aspects of high seas fishing activities, has meant that ‘legal’ fishing on the high seas is now subject to extensive regulation.

Geomatics Aspects of the UN Convention on Law of the Sea – A Case Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Ahmed El-Rabbany
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Maritime Boundary Delimitation

The United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) came into force on November 18, 1994 to provide the legal framework for maritime boundary delimitation. Understanding the geomatics aspects of UNCLOS is vital for coastal nations to claim the ownership of the natural resources within the limits of their Continental Shelf. This paper discusses some of the geomatics aspects of UNCLOS, namely the geodetic and uncertainty issues. A case study for Egypt's outer limits is also presented.

Prohibition of Bottom Trawling on Extended Continental Shelves: Creeping Jurisdiction or Enforcement of Sovereign Rights?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Antsygina
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Bottom Trawling ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
Trawl Fishing ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Fishing Practices

Abstract This article discusses whether the regime of the continental shelf includes a right to conserve living natural resources and whether a unilateral establishment of a ban on bottom trawl fishing is possible on the high seas superjacent the extended continental shelf (ECS). Based on Article 77 and Part XII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal States can impose reasonable conservation measures to protect sedentary species from harmful fishing practices. The article also explores how the competing rights of coastal and flag States, as well rights of coastal States with overlapping ECS entitlements, should be balanced in case of the imposition of unilateral conservation measures.

Scrutinising the Maritime Zones Around Australia’s Sub-Antarctic Islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-65
Author(s):  
Karina Galliford
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
South China ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
State Practice ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Economic Zones

Abstract In 2016, the South China Sea Arbitral Tribunal was the first tribunal or court to interpret Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Tribunal’s interpretation raises international law questions regarding the validity of claimed exclusive economic zones (eezs) and continental shelf maritime areas around many islands including Australia’s sub-Antarctic Islands. Owing to their geographical remoteness, harsh climates, lack of resources, as well as never been ‘home’ to any group of people in a settled way, questions have been raised as to the validity of Australia’s claimed maritime zones with respect to Article 121(3) in both pre- and post-South China Sea Arbitral Award commentary. The article assesses the validity of Australia’s claim by applying the Tribunal’s interpretation of Article 121(3) to the physical and historical facts of the Islands while raising alternate interpretations offered by prior and subsequent commentary. Three examples of possible State practice are reviewed for evidence of other interpretations that may have been agreed to by parties to the Convention. The findings are that Heard and Macquarie Islands are likely classified as islands entitled to an eez and continental shelf whereas McDonald Island is more likely to be an Article 121 ‘rock’.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN GEOLOGI LANDAS KONTINEN INDONESIA DI LUAR 200 MIL LAUT SEBELAH SELATAN PERAIRAN PULAU SUMBA

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prijantono Astjario ◽  
Imelda R. Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Geophysical Data ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Shelf Zone ◽  
Sediment Thickness ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Marine Data ◽  
The Law

Indonesia berkehendak untuk mengeksplorasi dan mengeksploitasi potensi sumber daya alam di Zona Landas Kontinen di luar 200 mil laut dengan mengajukan batas Landas Kontinennya sesuai dengan ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan dalam United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1982) hingga jarak 350 mil laut. Hasil studi data geologi dan geofisika menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki prospek untuk melaksanakan submisi landas kontinen di luar 200 mil di tiga lokasi, dalam hal ini salah satunya adalah di sebelah selatan perairan Pulau Sumba. Tinjauan geologi ini dilaksanakan dalam upaya menggali dan menghimpun data serta informasi yang berkaitan dengan hak kedaulatan Indonesia atas potensi sumberdaya alam dari Landas Kontinen Indonesia di luar 200 mil sebelah selatan perairan Pulau Sumba. Adapun tujuan dari tinjauan ini adalah untuk pengembangan data dan informasi kelautan untuk pemanfaatkan potensi sumberdaya alam dari Landas Kontinen Indonesia di luar perairan 200 mil sebelah selatan Pulau Sumba. Data geologi dan geofisika di daerah tinjauan menunjukkan ketebalan sedimen yang tipis yaitu antara 1– 1,8 %. Tinjauan geologi ini memberikan pula dugaan adanya cekungan yang memiliki ketebalan sedimen yang cukup tebal yang dapat ditelusuri lebih lanjut sesuai dengan pola batimetri perairan selatan Sumba. Kata kunci: Landas kontinen, 200 mil laut, submisi, UNCLOS, sedimen. Indonesia willing to explore and exploit the natural resources in Continental Shelf Zone beyond 200 nautical miles to the limit of its continental shelf in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III, 1982) up to a distance of 350 nautical miles. The result of geological and geophysical data study shows that Indonesia has the prospect to implement submission of the continental shelf beyond 200 miles in three locations, where one of which is in the southern waters of Sumba Island. Geological review was conducted in order to explore and collect data and information relating to the rights of Indonesian sovereignty over natural resources of the Indonesian Continental Shelf beyond 200 miles south of Sumba Island waters. The purpose of this review is for the development of marine data and information for the exploitation of natural resources of the Continental Shelf beyond Indonesian waters 200 miles south of the island of Sumba. Geological and geophysical data from the study area shows that the sediment thickness is between 1 to 1.8%. This study also provides the present of a basin with the sediment thickness that can be traced further in accordance with the pattern of bathymetric pattern of south Sumba waters. Keywords: Continental shelf, 200 nautical miles, submissions, UNCLOS, sediments.

scholarly journals Keberlakuan Pengaturan Landas Kontinen Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia dan United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1723
Author(s):  
Achmad Indra Irfansyah
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Maritime Law ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Laws And Regulations

AbstractIndonesia has taken steps to adjust its laws and regulations regarding maritime law with UNCLOS 1982, with the establishment of Law Number 6 of 1996 On Indonesian Waters however, this step not yet followed by adjustments to the laws regarding continental shelf, namely Law Number. 1 of 1973 On Indonesian Continental Shelf. The purpose of this research is to analize the differences in the substance of the arrangements for continental shelf in UNCLOS 1982 and Law Number 1 of 1973 On Indonesia Continental Shelf to find out the effectiveness of Indonesia's international treaties with other countries regarding the continental shelf using the Statute Approach and Conceptual Approach. Indonesia must make adjustments to national legislation regarding continental shelf with UNCLOS 1982 because of Indonesian legislation regarding continental shelf still refers to United Nations Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958.Keywords: Continental Shelf; Natural Resources;UNCLOS 1982.AbstrakIndonesia telah mengambil langkah untuk menyesuaikan peraturan perundang-undangannya mengenai hukum laut dengan UNCLOS 1982, yaitu disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1996 Tentang Perairan Indonesia namun langkah tersebut belum diikuti dengan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai landas kontinen yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan substansi pengaturan tentang landas kontinen di dalam UNCLOS 1982 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1973 Tentang Landas Kontinen Indonesia sebagai sumber hukum mengenai landas kontinen di Indonesia, serta untuk mengetahui keberlakuan perjanjian-perjanjian internasional Indonesia dengan negara lain mengenai landas kontinen dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang (Statute Approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (Conceptual Approach). Indonesia harus melakukan penyesuaian peraturan perundang-undangan nasional tentang landas kontinen dengan UNCLOS 1982 karena peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia tentang landas kontinen masih mengacu kepada United Nations on the Continental Shelf 1958.Kata Kunci: Landas Kontinen; Sumberdaya Alam; UNCLOS 1982.

scholarly journals Continental Shelf From The Perspective Of The Law Of The Sea: An Introduction

Warta Geologi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Mazlan Madon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Outer Limit ◽  
Continental Shelves ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Law

The entitlement of a coastal State over the seabed and subsoil in front of its landmass is provided for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS), in particular Article 76 for the continental shelf. This short note in Malay gives a brief introduction to the concept of the “continental shelf” in the context of Article 76. This concept is important as a means by which coastal States may establish the outer limit of their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles (M) measured from the territorial sea baselines. Once the outer limits have been established, coastal States are then able to exercise with certainty their sovereign rights over the extended continental shelf for the purposes of exploring and exploiting the natural resources of the seabed and subsoil, as provided for by UNCLOS. The establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 M is based on the principle of natural prolongation of land territory in Article 76. Geology also plays an important role in the process of determining the extent of the prolongation in accordance with the provisions of Article 76. For authors and students of this topic in Malay, it is proposed that the synonymous Malay terms for continental shelf – “pelantar benua” and “pentas benua” – be given specific meanings for use in their legal and geological contexts, respectively.

Remarks by Rüdiger Wolfrum

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 386-389
Author(s):  
Rüdiger Wolfrum
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
International Law ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
United Nations Convention

It has been argued that the expected sea-level rise will lead to the shifting of baselines. It is further held that, as a matter of consequence, this means that all maritime borders depending upon baselines will have to shift accordingly or have to be renegotiated. This would affect the boundaries vis-à-vis neighboring states, opposite or adjacent, as well as the delineation of the exclusive economic zone and the delineation of the continental shelf if no outer continental shelf (no shelf beyond 200 nm) exists. The Baselines Committee of the International Law Association (ILA) stated that in “extreme circumstances [landward changes of the baseline] could result in total territorial loss and the consequent total loss of baselines and of the maritime zones measured from those baselines. The existing law of the normal baselines does not offer an adequate solution to this potentially serious problem.” I see the logic of the arguments based upon Articles 3, 4, and 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Nevertheless, I disagree with the interpretation of UNCLOS Articles 3 and 4. In consequence thereof, I disagree with the qualification that baselines are “ambulatory.” In my view, other considerations have to be taken into account—see below. I am pleased to note that the ILA Committee on sea-level rise in its report took a more balanced view than the Baselines Committee.

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