scholarly journals Peculiarities of the clinical course of hypothyroidism during pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
First Case

The article presents an analysis of resources about the course of thyroid pathology, specifically hypothyroidism, during pregnancy. This problem is of current interest, because hypothyroidism can cause infertility or miscarriage. This applies not only to overt but also to the subclinical one. The physiological changes that occur in the thyroid gland during pregnancy are described. Attention is drawn to the signs that can be mistaken for pathological. In addition, the reference values of hormonal thyroid parameters during pregnancy differ significantly from those in non-pregnant women. This should also be taken into account in the diagnosis of appropriate disorders. The presented resources data are illustrated by two clinical cases. The first case history demonstrates the deterioration of the autoimmune process on the background of the pregnancy. Interesting is the fact that this effect was delayed, ie during pregnancy, compensatory mechanisms created a proper supply of the body of a woman and two fetuses with thyroid hormones. At the same time, during lactation period there was a pronounced decompensation of the patient's condition, which was manifested by activation of autoimmune aggression against thyroid tissue with increasing titer of antithyroid antibodies, the development of overt hypothyroidism and deepening structural changes in the thyroid gland. The need for further follow-up of postpartum women with autoimmune thyroiditis is emphasized, even if no thyroid dysfunction has been reported throughout pregnancy. The second clinical case illustrates the importance of following the recommendations of the European and American thyroid associations regarding the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) during pregnancy. When planning the first pregnancy of this patient, the doctor did not pay attention to the fact that TSH level, being within normal values for non-pregnant women, did not meet international guidelines for planning a pregnancy and its first trimester. This had extremely adverse consequences in the form of two miscarriages. The prescription of an appropriate hormone replacement therapy and careful monitoring of the patient both at the planning stage and throughout the pregnancy, led to the birth of a healthy baby. Thus, compliance with the principles of management and use of the proposed treatment regimens for pregnant women with thyroid pathology will ensure the normal course of pregnancy and the birth of a healthy child.

scholarly journals Thyroid ectopia: a case series

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1570
Author(s):  
Aneesh Sugunan ◽  
Zahir S. Hussain ◽  
Kumaran Muthappan Palaniappan ◽  
Shikhil Puzhakkal ◽  
Althaf Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Anterior Neck ◽  
First Case ◽  
Thyroid Ectopia ◽  
Dual Ectopic Thyroid

Ectopic thyroid is a form of thyroid dysgenesis and is defined as the presence of thyroid tissue in an abnormal location. Its prevalence is about 1 per 1,00, 000-3,00,000 people, rising to 1 per 4,000-8,000 patients with thyroid diseases. The most common sites of ectopic thyroid are lingual (90%) and anterior neck (10%). They are usually diagnosed with hypothyroidism with a mass with, or without pressure symptoms in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life when there is increased demand of thyroid hormone. Presence of two ectopic foci of thyroid tissue simultaneously is rare, and very few such cases of dual thyroid ectopia have been reported. We present a case series of 3 ectopic thyroid with 3 different clinical presentation. The first case is a 19-year-old boy who presented with clinical and biochemical overt hypothyroidism and was discovered to have only a sublingual ectopic thyroid gland. The second case is a 16-year-old girl who presented with dysphagia and on evaluation was found to have a dual ectopic thyroid gland in the lingual and sub lingual region. The third case is a 28-year-old women who presented with a sub hyoid swelling which on evaluation was diagnosed as a dual ectopic thyroid in the lingual and sub lingual region.

scholarly journals Ectopic thyroid tissue presenting as an external auditory canal mass

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Nishikanta Verma ◽  
Samuel Devanesan Abishegam ◽  
Abdul Razak Bin Haji Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
External Ear Canal ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid Tissue

<p class="abstract">An ectopic thyroid is a rare occurrence with a majority of ectopic thyroid tissue located in the lingual region or in the midline. The abnormal sites represent developmental defects in migration from the floor of the primitive foregut at the foramen caecum of the tongue to the final pre-tracheal position of the gland. A few cases of ectopic thyroid tissue have also been reported from sites seemingly unrelated to the normal development of the thyroid gland.  We report a case of ectopic thyroid in the external ear canal, which presented as a small reddish mass in the external ear canal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such reported case in literature and adds to the body of knowledge in such cases. Although such a finding is exceedingly rare, the authors recommend routine histopathology in all cases of polyps in the external canal and standard investigation for the status of the residual thyroid gland via isotope scans, ultrasonography or thyroid function tests.</p>

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ALIMENTARY DEPRIVATION ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF RAT'S THYROID GLAND

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2(49)) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
R. V. Yanko
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Despite the well-studied effect of alimentary deprivation on the body, the literature data on its effect on functional activity and, in particular, on morphological changes in the thyroid gland are single and often contradictory, which does not allow unambiguous conclusions. All this requires a more detailed study of the role and mechanisms of the impact of restricted nutrition on the thyroid gland. Aim: To investigate the effect of alimentary deprivation on morphological changes in the thyroid gland of young rats. Methods: The study was conducted on 24 male Wistar rats aged 3 months. Rats of all groups were in uniform conditions, on a standard diet. Animals of the experimental group, for 28 days, received a diet reduced by 30 %. Work with rats was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Histological preparations were made from the central areas of the thyroid tissue according to the standard method. Using a digital camera, the micropreparations were photographed under a Nikon Eclipse E 100 microscope (Japan). Morphometry was performed using a computer program "Image J". Results: Histological analysis of the rat's thyroid gland affected by alimentary deprivation revealed that it had an unchanged physiological structure. The follicles were mostly of oval shape and of various sizes. Colloid in the follicles of experimental animals is of moderate density and contains numerous resorption vacuoles. Thyroid cells are of prismatic and cubic shape. It was found that in the thyroid gland of experimental rats the area of ​​follicles, colloid, their inner diameter decreases, the height of thyrocytes increases, the stereological resorption index increases and the colloid accumulation index decreases, the number of interfollicular islands increases. Also in experimental animals there was a decrease in the width of the interlobar and interfollicular connective tissue. Conclusion: In rats fed on a reduced diet, morphological signs of increased functional activity of the thyroid gland were found.

scholarly journals The results of ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in children with hypothyroidism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 852-861
Author(s):  
Snizhana Sokolnyk ◽  
Iryna Sokolnyk ◽  
Dmytro Nechytaylo ◽  
Dmytro Kolesnik ◽  
Mykola Hinhuliak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sonographic Examination ◽  
High Level ◽  
Thyroid Parenchyma ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Diseases of thyroid gland (TG) rank first among all endocrine pathologies and remain one of the most difficult problems. According to the statistics of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the prevalence of hypothyroidism in children does not exceed 0.035%. However, the relatively low rate can be explained by the low level of detection and diagnosis of this pathological condition due to the variability and low specificity of its symptoms. More acceptable for practice are methods of ultrasound diagnosis of the thyroid gland and laboratory examination of the content of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum. Aim. To evaluate the results of ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland in children with hypothyroidism. Methods. The results are based on a survey of 94 children with hypothyroidism living in the Chernivtsi region aged 2 to 10 years. An ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland, determination of the level of thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4) was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using standard methods using the StatSoft software package © Statistica® 6.0 for Microsoft® Windows XP. Results. Analysis of the results of the study showed that in 59.6% of cases (56 out of 94) the diagnosis was made by screening for congenital hypothyroidism, and in 40.4% of cases (38 out of 94) the disease was diagnosed outside the screening. According to the results of our ultrasound, it was found that in 29 patients the thyroid tissue was not visualized in a typical place or its total volume was much less than normal. Of these, in 12 individuals, thyroid tissue was not reliably visualized at the site of TG projection, and in 17 cases was hypoplasia. In 65 patients, the TG was in a typical place, and its volume corresponded to the norm on the surface area of the body. In 85 people, regardless of the state of functional activity of the TG had a heterogeneous echostructure of the thyroid parenchyma), in 9 people the echostructure of the thyroid parenchyma was homogeneous. In thyroid hypoplasia, the level of TSH was at lower values (p <0.05) compared with thyroid dystopia. Conclusion. Sonographic examination of the thyroid gland has a high level of information. In cases of malformations of the thyroid gland there is a more pronounced degree of thyroid insufficiency.

ADAPTIVE POSSIBILITY OF THE ORGANISM OF WOMEN WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL PREGNANCY AND EXTRACORPORAL FERTILIZATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
J.S. Chehova ◽  
◽  
E.A. Kashuba ◽  
S.V. Solov'eva ◽  
M.V. Antonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Vegetative Nervous System ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Adaptive Processes

The study of the restructuring of the body of a pregnant woman with relation to the theory of functional systems is necessary for a complete understanding of the formation of adaptive processes. Of particular interest is pregnancy resulting from extracorporeal fertilization (IVF). Aim. to estimate the adaptive capacity of women with physiological pregnancy and IVF. Materials and methods. The object of the study: healthy women before pregnancy and in the I trimester (I group), patients with tubal-peritoneal infertility at the planning stage and after an effective IVF (II group), women with an unsuccessful IVF (III group). We conducted a study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system of pregnant women with the calculation of adaptive potential (AP) by R. M. Bayevsky. We assessed the regulation of the vegetative nervous system — Kerdo index (KI). We determined the state of regulatory systems with the stress index (L.H. Garkavi et al.). Results. In patients with physiological pregnancy, we noted the effect on the cardiovascular system of the autonomic nervous system and the tension of adaptive reactions. In pregnant women with IVF we recorded the depletion of adaptive activity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. This led to a significant strain or failure of adaptation with the predominant influence of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. Conclusion. Significant differences in the studied parameters in women with ineffective IVF program at the stage of pregnancy planning may have important prognostic value for determining the tactics of management of patients.

scholarly journals Ectopic Papillary Carcinoma in the Midline Neck Accompanied by a Benign Thyroid Gland

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Lauran Evans ◽  
SeHoon Park ◽  
Christie Elliott ◽  
Courtney Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid ◽  
Duct Cyst ◽  
Thyroglossal Duct ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Benign Thyroid

Ectopic thyroid tissue can deposit anywhere in the body. There are several cases reporting papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) arising from ectopic tissues; however, these cases largely presented with primary PTC within the native thyroid gland as well. Alternatively, some cases report of PTC found solely in an ectopic thyroglossal duct cyst, but reports of isolated malignancy in other types of ectopic thyroid tissue with normal native tissue are sparse throughout the literature. Here, we present an unusual case of PTC in the midline anterior neck that does not appear to be consistent with a thyroglossal duct cyst, accompanied by a completely benign native thyroid gland, of which only few cases have been reported.

scholarly journals Amyloid Accumulation in the Toxic Nodule of the Thyroid Gland in a Patient with End Stage Renal Failure

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Umut Mousa ◽  
Sema Aktas ◽  
Halit Uner
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
End Stage Renal Failure ◽  
Toxic Nodular Goiter ◽  
Amyloid Accumulation ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Thyroid Parenchyma

Amyloidosis is characterized by accumulation of amorphous, proteinaceous material in various organs and tissues of the body. Amyloid may accumulate in the thyroid gland in cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma and systemic amyloidosis. Amyloid accumulates extracellularly in the thyroid parenchyma and disrupts the normal follicular patterns. Most of the cases reported up to now were clinically euthyroid, but many presentation forms and overlaps have been reported. Herein we present a patient with toxic nodular goiter with amyloid deposition in the toxic nodule as well as the remaining thyroid tissue.

EFFECT OF INTERVAL FASTING ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE RAT THYROID GLAND OF DIFFERENT AGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
R.V. Yanko ◽  
◽  
M.I. Levashov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Rat Thyroid

Despite of the well-studied effect of interval fasting on the body, literature data on its infl uence on functional activity and, especially, on morphological changes in the thyroid gland are sporadic. The research results are often contradictory, which may be due to differences in experimental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological changes in the rat’s thyroid gland of different ages, which were on interval fasting. The experiments were performed on 48 male Wistar rats aged 4 and 16 months. The experimental rats underwent interval fasting (1 day complete fasting / 2 days standard diet). Duration of experiment was 28 days. Thyroid tissue preparations were made according to standard histological methods. The morphometry was performed on digital images using a computer program Image J. It was found that the colloid area, the interior diameter of the follicles and colloid accumulation index were decreased in 4 and 16 month-old rats after interval fasting. The relative connective tissue area was also decreased in 16-month- old rats. But the follicular epithelium height, the follicular-colloidal index and the number of interfollicular islets were increased. The morphological changes of the thyroid gland tissue in 16-month-old experimental rats were manifested to a greater extent than in young animals. Thus, after exposure to interval fasting, morphological signs of activation of the thyroid gland synthetic activity in rats of different ages were observed. Key words: interval fasting, thyroid gland, morphometric indicators.

scholarly journals Features of autonomic nervous system homeostasis in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis combined with thyroid pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
E.V. Zigalo ◽  
L.M. Mosiychuk ◽  
O.M. Shevtsova ◽  
O.P. Petishko ◽  
L.V. Demeshkina
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Atrophic Gastritis ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Chronic Atrophic Gastritis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
Functional Reserves

Background. The indicators of heart rate variability reflect the vital processes of managing the physiological functions of the body — autonomic balance and functional reserves of its management mechanisms, the adaptive capacity of the body, and stress resistance. At the expressed disturbances of autonomic nervous system homeostasis, the risk of emergence and progression of diseases increases. This is especially true for the elderly, who are characterized by comorbidity. The purpose of the study was to assess the state of adaptive capacity and autonomic regulation of the body in patients with precancerous conditions of the stomach with the thyroid gland pathology. Materials and methods. Seventy-two patients with chronic atrophic gastritis were divided into groups: group I consisted of 34 patients with nodules in the thyroid gland; group II included 23 patients with pathological changes of the thyroid gland and 15 patients of group III had a normal thyroid gland. The heart rate variability was assessed based on the results of PRECISE-diagnostics. To diagnose the functional state of the small intestinal microbiota, a hydrogen breath test was performed. Results. In 81.9 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and thyroid pathology, an imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system with a prevalence of vagotonia including the patients with thyroid nodules (64.7 %) and pathological changes in the thyroid gland (56.5 %) (р < 0.05). A significant violation of the body’s adaptive capacity was found in 63.2 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. The frequency of reduced adaptive capacity of the organism was twice higher in patients with comorbid pathology (p < 0.05). 56.1 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis associated with thyroid pathology experienced a decrease in functional reserves of the body. In the spectrum of detected disorders, 68.8 % of patients presented with depletion of functional reserves of the body with increased central control and 31.2 % of patients — hormonal imbalance with a predominance of the humoral link with the inclusion of autonomous control (p < 0.05). The analysis of the stress index showed in half of the examined patients insufficient stress resistance with a probable increase in mean figures to (136.8 ± 7.4) m/s (p < 0.05). Correlations were found between the frequency of detection of excessive bacterial growth syndrome and maladaptation (r = 0.64; p < 0.05), imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system (r = 0.59; p < 0.05). Conclusions. The course of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with thyroid pathology is associated with an imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system, depletion of adaptive mechanisms, reduced functional reserves of the body, and stress resistance. At the same time, disorders of the body’s adaptive potential and changes in autonomic balance are associated with the disorders of the small intestinal microbiota, which requires a multidisciplinary approach to the management of patients with comorbid pathology of the stomach and thyroid gland.

scholarly journals Morphological and Histological Study of The Pyramidal Lobe of The Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People - A Postmortem Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Abu Alim ◽  
Sabiha Mahbub ◽  
Segupta Kishwara ◽  
Manowara Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Thyroid Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pyramidal Lobe ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Background: The pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland is an embryonic remnant of the caudal end of the thyroglossal tract. The pyramidal lobe is formed from normal thyroid tissue. A fibrous band, levator glandulae thyroideae, is found occasionally and extending upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe. As all thyroid diseases are found to be present in the pyramidal lobe, the study of the pyramidal lobe bears a great importance. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from January to December 2008. Materials: The present study was performed on 60 post mortem human thyroid gland (39 male and 21 female) collected from unclaimed dead bodies which were in the morgue under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Methods: The samples were divided into three age-groups including Group A (10 -20 years), Group B (21- 50 years) & Group C (>50 years) and the pyramidal lobes were studied both morphologically i.e. position, length, breadth, thickness, its association with levator glandulae thyroideae and histologically including presence of thyroid tissue, percentage proportion of parenchyma and stroma. Results: The pyramidal lobe was found in 25 cases out of 60 (41.67%) and situated more on the left side (56%). The mean±SD length of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland was 10.83±0.75 mm in group A, 12.80±3.05 mm in group B and 11.00±1.41 mm in group C. The mean±SD breadth of the pyramidal lobe was 5.50±1.22 mm in group A, 7.60±2.06 mm in group B and 6.75±0.96 mm in group C. The mean±SD thickness of the pyramidal lobe was 3.00±0.00 mm in group A, 3.27±0.59 mm in group B and 3.00±0.96 mm in group C. The levator glandulae thyroideae was found in 12 cases out of 60 (20%) and extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. The proportion of the parenchyma increases with advancing age upto 50 years. Key Words: morphology; histology; pyramidal lobe; thyroid gland DOI: 10.3329/bja.v7i2.6095 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2009, Vol. 7 No. 2 pp. 94-100

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