Spline-Extrapolation Method in Traﬃc Forecasting in 5G Networks

This paper considers the problem of predicting self-similar traﬃc with a signiﬁcant number of pulsations and the property of long-term dependence, using various spline functions. The research work focused on the process of modeling self-similar traﬃc handled in a mobile network. A splineextrapolation method based on various spline functions (linear, cubic and cubic B-splines) is proposed to predict selfsimilar traﬃc outside the period of time in which packet data transmission occurs. Extrapolation of traﬃc for short- and long-term forecasts is considered. Comparison of the results of the prediction of self-similar traﬃc using various spline functions has shown that the accuracy of the forecast can be improved through the use of cubic B-splines. The results allow to conclude that it is advisable to use spline extrapolation in predicting self-similar traﬃc, thereby recommending this method for use in practice in solving traﬃc prediction-related problems.

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Using spline-extrapolation in the research of self-similar traffic characteristics

Journal of Electrical Engineering ◽

10.2478/jee-2019-0061 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 310-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Irina Strelkovskaya ◽

Irina Solovskaya

Keyword(s):

Traffic Management ◽

Cubic Splines ◽

Short Term ◽

Traffic Forecasting ◽

Traffic Characteristics ◽

Packet Data ◽

Self Similar ◽

Comparison Of The Results ◽

Packet Data Transmission

Abstract The problem of predicting self-similar traffic is considered, the solution of which modeling of self-similar traffic was performed using the Simulink software package in MATLAB environment. For the simulation, the queuing system WB/M/1/K with Weibull distribution was used. The use of the spline-extrapolation method made it possible to predict self-similar traffic outside the considered period of time on which packet data transmission is considered. Extrapolation of traffic for short-term and long-term forecasts is considered. Comparison of the results of the prediction of self-similar traffic using various spline functions has shown that the accuracy of the forecast can be improved through the use of cubic splines. A method is proposed for estimating the error of traffic prediction for each variant of traffic forecasting using linear, cubic splines. The results of the research will allow you to perform effective traffic management with the support of quality characteristics, by providing the required parameters of network hardware and software in order to avoid overloads in the network.

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PREDICTING CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF SIMILAR TRAFFIC BY SPLINE-EXTRAPOLATION

Visnyk Universytetu “Ukraina” ◽

10.36994/2707-4110-2019-1-22-21 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Irina Strelkovskay ◽

Irina Solovskaya ◽

Anastasija Makoganjuk ◽

Nikolaj Severin

Keyword(s):

Quality Characteristics ◽

Traffic Prediction ◽

Normative Values ◽

Spline Functions ◽

Network Nodes ◽

Traffic Forecasting ◽

Network Equipment ◽

Self Similar ◽

Accuracy Of Prediction

The problem of forecasting self-similar traffic, which is characterized by a considerable number of ripples and the property of long-term dependence, is considered. It is proposed to use the method of spline extrapolation using linear and cubic splines. The results of self-similar traffic prediction were obtained, which will allow to predict the necessary size of the buffer devices of the network nodes in order to avoid congestion in the network and exceed the normative values of QoS quality characteristics. The solution of the problem of self-similar traffic forecasting obtained with the Simulink software package in Matlab environment is considered. A method of extrapolation based on spline functions is developed. The proposed method has several advantages over the known methods, first of all, it is sufficient ease of implementation, low resource intensity and accuracy of prediction, which can be enhanced by the use of quadratic or cubic interpolation spline functions. Using the method of spline extrapolation, the results of self-similar traffic prediction were obtained, which will allow to predict the required volume of buffer devices, thereby avoiding network congestion and exceeding the normative values of QoS quality characteristics. Given that self-similar traffic is characterized by the presence of "bursts" and a long-term dependence between the moments of receipt of applications in this study, given predetermined data to improve the prediction accuracy, it is possible to use extrapolation based on wavelet functions, the so-called wavelet-extrapolation method. Based on the results of traffic forecasting, taking into account the maximum values of network node traffic, you can give practical guidance on how traffic is redistributed across the network. This will balance the load of network objects and increase the efficiency of network equipment.

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Durability Evaluation of Calcined Clay and Limestone Powder Blended Ternary Self-Compacting Concrete

Journal of Engineering Sciences ◽

10.21272/jes.2021.8(1).c1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. C1-C10

Author(s):

J.K. Taku ◽

Y.D. Amartey ◽

S.P. Ejeh ◽

A. Lawan

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Limestone Powder ◽

Self Compacting Concrete ◽

Split Tensile Strength ◽

Calcined Clay ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Ft Ir Spectroscopy

This research work investigates the durability-based properties of a ternary calcined clay and limestone powder blended Self Compacting Concrete by measuring the short- and long-term permeation properties using water absorption and sorptivity properties testing. Also, the variation of compressive strength with age was evaluated at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, while the split tensile strength was determined at 7 and 28 days curing. The Mineralogy and morphology of the ternary SCC was evaluated using FT IR Spectroscopy, SEM imaging and EDS. The results obtained shows that the ternary SCC showed improved durability and strength properties with age with dense and improved microstructure.

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Durability Phenomena of Bitumen and Bituminous Pavement Materials

The Open Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.2174/1874149502115010279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 279-289

Author(s):

Abdullahi Ali Mohamed ◽

Soon Yee Wong ◽

Lau Teck Leong ◽

Mohd Ahmadullah Farooqi ◽

Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Filler Materials ◽

Traffic Loading ◽

Pavement Materials ◽

Course Of Action ◽

Short And Long Term

The durability of asphaltic mixtures, in addition to traffic loading, is greatly influenced by the extremes environmental parameters. For instance, at higher temperatures, bitumen becomes soft, thereby reducing the stiffness of asphalt mixtures and making them vulnerable to rutting. On the other hand, at lower temperatures, the stiffness of bitumen is increased, reducing the flexibility of asphaltic concrete and rendering it prone to fatigue failure. Therefore, this evaluation is an extensive research study on the durability of binder and asphalt mixture with their phenomena. Besides that, this paper intends to delve into the various testing methods and measures adopted to evaluate aging and slowing it down. It also presents a critical review of these methods and proposes a future course of action to better address aging issues. According to the evaluation, the behavior of bitumen on the basis of its source varies; when it is mixed with bitumen modifiers, aggregates, and other filler materials, its behavior becomes even more complex. Hence the understanding of the phenomenon of aging is important and the significance cannot be overemphasized. Extensive research work has been done over the last seven decades to evolve the understanding of short- and long-term aging and to improve the durability of asphaltic mixtures. Generally, the aging of bitumen under the influence of both environment and traffic is irreversible as well as inevitable. Apart from entailing hefty maintenance budgets, it remains a challenge to the researchers to slow down aging.

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A graph CNN-LSTM neural network for short and long-term traffic forecasting based on trajectory data

Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies ◽

10.1016/j.trc.2020.01.010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 62-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Toon Bogaerts ◽

Antonio D. Masegosa ◽

Juan S. Angarita-Zapata ◽

Enrique Onieva ◽

Peter Hellinckx

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Trajectory Data ◽

Traffic Forecasting ◽

Short And Long Term

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Rising Temperatures and Cereal Production in Cameroon

South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics ◽

10.9734/sajsse/2020/v7i130179 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 33-47

Author(s):

Demanou Neigha Stephan ◽

Mapa Kamdoum Géneviève Christel

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Projection Data ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Cereal Production ◽

Auto Regressive ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

The Impact ◽

Agro Ecological Zones

This paper assesses the impact of rising temperatures on cereal production in Cameroon over the period 1980-2016. To achieve this objective, we used Auto Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL). Short and long-term results show that rising temperatures do not affect cereal production in Cameroon. It would therefore be possible to extend this research work using climate projection data. Moreover, this work would also have been better if it had been done on all agricultural crops by subdividing the country into agro-ecological zones.

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Experience with Short and Long Term Courses of Local Adrenal Steroid Therapy For Ulcerative Colitis

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(62)80117-6 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 669-677 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jean A. Spencer ◽

Joseph B. Kirsner

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Steroid Therapy ◽

Adrenal Steroid ◽

Short And Long Term

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Short- and Long-Term Results of Total vs Subtotal Thyroid- ectomies in the Surgical Treatment of Graves' Disease

Swiss Surgery ◽

10.1024/1023-9332.7.1.20 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 20-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert ◽

Mariéthoz ◽

Pache ◽

Bertin ◽

Caulfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Nerve Palsy ◽

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽

Laryngeal Nerve ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Laryngeal Nerve Palsy ◽

Short And Long Term

Objective: Approximately one out of five patients with Graves' disease (GD) undergoes a thyroidectomy after a mean period of 18 months of medical treatment. This retrospective and non-randomized study from a teaching hospital compares short- and long-term results of total (TT) and subtotal thyroidectomies (ST) for this disease. Methods: From 1987 to 1997, 94 patients were operated for GD. Thirty-three patients underwent a TT (mostly since 1993) and 61 a ST (keeping 4 to 8 grams of thyroid tissue - mean 6 g). All patients had received propylthiouracil and/or neo-mercazole and were in a euthyroid state at the time of surgery; they also took potassium iodide (lugol) for ten days before surgery. Results: There were no deaths. Transient hypocalcemia (< 3 months) occurred in 32 patients (15 TT and 17 ST) and persistent hypocalcemia in 8 having had TT. Two patients developed transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after ST (< 3 months). After a median follow-up period of seven years (1-15) with five patients lost to follow-up, 41 patients having had a ST are in a hypothyroid state (73%), thirteen are euthyroid (23%), and two suffered recurrent hyperthyroidism, requiring completion of thyroidectomy. All 33 patients having had TT - with follow-ups averaging two years (0.5-8) - are receiving thyroxin substitution. Conclusions: There were no instances of persistent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in either group, but persistent hypoparathyroidism occurred more frequently after TT. Long after ST, hypothyroidism developed in nearly three of four cases, whereas euthyroidy was maintained in only one-fourth; recurrent hyperthyroidy was rare.

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