scholarly journals The power of positivity: Do emotions influence attentional breadth?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Crysta Derham
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Attentional Scope ◽  
Attentional Breadth ◽  
Broaden And Build Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flanker Interference

<p>Fredrickson's (2001) broaden and build theory describes how experiencing positive emotions, such as happiness, broadens our 'thought-action repertoire' leading us to be more likely to go out and act on our positive emotions. This results in the building of new relationships, resources and skills, which we can draw on in times of need throughout life. In contrast, the experience of negative emotion is thought to narrow our 'thought-action repertoire', leading to specific actions to aid in survival (Fredrickson, 2001). The current experiments aimed to explore the effect of briefly presented schematic faces (happy, sad, and neutral) on attentional scope using the flanker task. Based on the broaden and build theory it was hypothesised that there would be an increase in reaction time in trials primed with a happy face due to a broadening of attention, leading to increased flanker interference. A decrease in reaction time was predicted for trials primed with a sad face, due to a narrowing of attention leading to less flanker interference. Results lend partial support to the broaden and build hypothesis, with reaction times being slower following happy primes in incongruent flanker trials in Experiment 1. Recent research is discussed in regards to potential mediators of the relationship between emotion and attention.</p>

scholarly journals The power of positivity: Do emotions influence attentional breadth?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Crysta Derham
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Attentional Scope ◽  
Attentional Breadth ◽  
Broaden And Build Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Flanker Interference

<p>Fredrickson's (2001) broaden and build theory describes how experiencing positive emotions, such as happiness, broadens our 'thought-action repertoire' leading us to be more likely to go out and act on our positive emotions. This results in the building of new relationships, resources and skills, which we can draw on in times of need throughout life. In contrast, the experience of negative emotion is thought to narrow our 'thought-action repertoire', leading to specific actions to aid in survival (Fredrickson, 2001). The current experiments aimed to explore the effect of briefly presented schematic faces (happy, sad, and neutral) on attentional scope using the flanker task. Based on the broaden and build theory it was hypothesised that there would be an increase in reaction time in trials primed with a happy face due to a broadening of attention, leading to increased flanker interference. A decrease in reaction time was predicted for trials primed with a sad face, due to a narrowing of attention leading to less flanker interference. Results lend partial support to the broaden and build hypothesis, with reaction times being slower following happy primes in incongruent flanker trials in Experiment 1. Recent research is discussed in regards to potential mediators of the relationship between emotion and attention.</p>

The Effect of Retest Practice on the Speed-Ability Relationship

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Rockstroh ◽  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Attention Switching ◽  
Letter Comparison ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elementary Cognitive Tasks

Effects of four retest-practice sessions separated by 2 h intervals on the relationship between general intelligence and four reaction time tasks (two memory tests: Sternberg's memory scanning, Posner's letter comparison; and two attention tests: continuous attention, attention switching) were examined in a sample of 83 male participants. Reaction times on all tasks were shortened significantly. The effects were most pronounced with respect to the Posner paradigm and smallest with respect to the Sternberg paradigm. The relationship to general intelligence changed after practice for two reaction time tasks. It increased to significance for continuous attention and decreased for the Posner paradigm. These results indicate that the relationship between psychometric intelligence and elementary cognitive tasks depends on the ability of skill acquisition. In the search for the cognitive roots of intelligence the concept of learning seems to be of importance.

A Cross-Level Theoretical and Empirical Model of Positive Emotions, Leader Identification, and Leader–Member Exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
Chongrui Liu ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Xuran Liu ◽  
Yuan Ni
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Leadership Context ◽  
Broaden And Build Theory ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract. Although leader–member exchange (LMX) has been widely studied, knowledge about how followers influence the LMX process remains unknown. By integrating the broaden-and-build theory (BBT) with the emotion as social information (EASI) theory, we develop a follower-centric multilevel model to investigate how followers' positive emotions have an impact on LMX via the mediating role of leader identification and the moderating role of leaders' positive emotions. We conducted a survey with 319 Chinese employees from 67 teams. The results indicated that leader identification served as a mediating factor in the relationship between followers' positive emotions and LMX. The work unit leaders' positive emotions strengthened the relationship between leader identification and LMX and moderated the mediated relationship among followers' positive emotions, leader identification, and LMX. Altogether, our findings inform new knowledge in terms of how followers may influence the development of LMX. We also help to extend the BBT and the EASI theory to the leadership context.

Reaction Time and Visual Brightness: Within-Subject Correlations

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armand V. Cardello
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Correlations ◽  
Visual Brightness ◽  
Magnitude Estimates

An experiment was conducted to compare visual reaction time and visual brightness within the same subjects. Simple reaction times and magnitude estimates of brightness were obtained in response to 1000-msec. flashes of 60.7, 67.5, 76.4, 85.1, and 93.4 dB re 10−10L white light. The relationship between reaction time and stimulus intensity was best described by a negative logarithmic function, while the relationship between magnitude estimates of brightness and stimulus intensity was best described by a power function. Linear correlations between reaction times and magnitude estimates indicated that visual reaction time and brightness are not proportional within all subjects. Previous reports of proportionality between these two measures were discussed as possibly being the result of inappropriate cross-experiment comparisons.

Gamma oscillations are involved in the sensorimotor transformation of pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Schulz ◽  
Laura Tiemann ◽  
Viktor Witkovsky ◽  
Paul Schmidt ◽  
Markus Ploner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Sensorimotor Transformation ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
The Relationship

Pain signals threat and initiates motor responses to avoid harm. The transformation of pain into a motor response is thus an essential part of pain. Here, we investigated the neural mechanisms subserving the sensorimotor transformation of pain at the cortical level by using electroencephalography. In a simple reaction time experiment, brief painful stimuli were delivered to the left hand of healthy human subjects who responded with button presses of the right hand. The results show that the simple reaction time task was associated with neuronal responses at delta/theta, alpha/beta, and gamma frequencies. The analysis of the relationship between neuronal activity and response speed revealed that gamma oscillations, which were temporally coupled to the painful stimuli, but not temporally coupled to the motor response, predicted reaction times. Lateralization of gamma oscillations indicates that they originate from motor areas rather than from sensory areas. We conclude that gamma oscillations are involved in the sensorimotor transformation of pain whose efficiency they reflect. We hypothesize that the relationship between stimulus-locked gamma oscillations and reaction times reflects a direct thalamo-motor route of nociceptive information that is central to the biological function of pain.

How emotions affect restaurant digital ordering experiences: a comparison of three ordering methods

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Y. Leung ◽  
Han Wen
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Expectancy Disconfirmation ◽  
Quick Service ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of consumption emotion in the digital food-ordering experience by comparing the performances of the three digital ordering methods in an experimental design. Design/methodology/approach A research model was developed based on the Feelings-as-Information (FaI) theory and the expectancy-disconfirmation theory. A 3 × 2 between-subjects lab experiment was conducted to compare the three digital ordering methods (online, mobile or chatbot) in two different types of restaurants (quick-service or full-service). Findings The results indicate that the chatbot ordering method evoked more negative emotions and less positive emotions than the other two methods. The online ordering method worked the best for quick-service restaurants, whereas the mobile ordering method was most suitable for full-service restaurants. Both positive and negative emotions (comfort and annoyance) significantly mediated the relationships between the ordering method and internal responses (satisfaction and behavioral intention). Only one negative emotion (anger) significantly mediated the relationship between the ordering method and order amount. Originality/value This is the first study that attempts to explore and compare consumers’ emotional responses resulting from restaurant digital ordering experiences in the context of the three food-ordering methods. The use of the FaI theory strengthens the theoretical foundation of research on emotion in the hospitality field. This study also pioneers the application of chatbot technology in the restaurant industry.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Reaction Time and 60 m Performance in Elite Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12a) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veli Volkan Gürses ◽  
Okan Kamiş
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
International Association ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 60m sprint results and reaction times in athletes who took part in the World Indoor Athletics Championships. The reaction times and 60m sprint results were compiled for 483 sprinters (253 male, 230 female) who performed 60m sprint event. Corresponding data were obtained from archives of the official website of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). The relationship between reaction time and 60m sprint results were calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Additionally, the Independent Samples T-Test was used to compare athletes’ reaction times and 60m sprint results. Positive moderate correlation was found between mean values of all 60m sprint results and reaction times, which were analyzed together in all categories (r=.436, p<0.01). Moreover, significant differences were also found between male and female finalists based on the 60m sprint times and reaction times respectively (t=-27.98, p<0.01; t=-3.26, p<0.01). As a result, it can be concluded that reaction time has great importance on 60 m performance. The best reaction time is related to the higher performance of 60m sprint in both male and female athletes. Moreover, this is also similar for round 1, semifinal and final categories. Coaches and athletes may consider improving reaction time to achieve better 60m performance.

scholarly journals Using machine learning analysis to interpret the relationship between music emotion and lyric features

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e785
Author(s):  
Liang Xu ◽  
Zaoyi Sun ◽  
Xin Wen ◽  
Zhengxi Huang ◽  
Chi-ju Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Recognition Model ◽  
Audio Features ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Learning Analysis

Melody and lyrics, reflecting two unique human cognitive abilities, are usually combined in music to convey emotions. Although psychologists and computer scientists have made considerable progress in revealing the association between musical structure and the perceived emotions of music, the features of lyrics are relatively less discussed. Using linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) technology to extract lyric features in 2,372 Chinese songs, this study investigated the effects of LIWC-based lyric features on the perceived arousal and valence of music. First, correlation analysis shows that, for example, the perceived arousal of music was positively correlated with the total number of lyric words and the mean number of words per sentence and was negatively correlated with the proportion of words related to the past and insight. The perceived valence of music was negatively correlated with the proportion of negative emotion words. Second, we used audio and lyric features as inputs to construct music emotion recognition (MER) models. The performance of random forest regressions reveals that, for the recognition models of perceived valence, adding lyric features can significantly improve the prediction effect of the model using audio features only; for the recognition models of perceived arousal, lyric features are almost useless. Finally, by calculating the feature importance to interpret the MER models, we observed that the audio features played a decisive role in the recognition models of both perceived arousal and perceived valence. Unlike the uselessness of the lyric features in the arousal recognition model, several lyric features, such as the usage frequency of words related to sadness, positive emotions, and tentativeness, played important roles in the valence recognition model.

How and when does humble leadership enhance newcomer well-being

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Kang ◽  
Jiyu Li ◽  
Yuanyuan Hua
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Proactive Personality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Broaden And Build Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Humble Leadership

PurposeMany studies have examined the positive outcomes of humble leadership for employees. However, its impact on newcomers' well-being has been rarely investigated. In this paper, based on affective events theory and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, the authors proposed a moderated mediation model to explore the effect of humble leadership on newcomer well-being. In the model, we identified newcomers' pride as a mediating variable and newcomers' proactive personality as a moderating variable.Design/methodology/approachThe data were from a two-wave sample containing 213 newcomers. The hypothesized model was tested using partial least squares structural equational modeling.FindingsThe results demonstrated that humble leadership was positively related to newcomers' well-being, and newcomers' pride medicated this relationship. Additionally, newcomers' proactive personality moderated the relationship between humble leadership and newcomers' pride.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors adopted a cross-sectional research design, rendering it difficult to derive causal relationships between variables. In addition, all data were from self-reports of newcomers which would suffer from common method variance.Originality/valueThis research examined the role of humble leadership in promoting newcomers' pride and well-being.

Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Reaction Time, Attention, and Impulsivity in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Wendy G. Mitchell ◽  
Yi Zhou ◽  
John M. Chavez ◽  
Bianca L. Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Complex Reaction ◽  
Epileptic Children ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Omission Errors

Simple, choice, and complex reaction times, attention (variability of responses and omission errors), and impulsivity (commission and wrong-hand errors on choice and complex reaction time) were repeatedly measured in 111 epileptic children, aged 5 to 13 years, tested a total of 232 times. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were started, stopped, and adjusted throughout the study period, for a variety of clinical indications, and AED serum levels were monitored. The relationship of performance to AED serum level was examined. Overall the nonspecific effect of AEDs was minimal: higher total serum levels of AEDs correlated with more impulsive errors on complex reaction time testing only. In contrast, in 54 children receiving carbamazepine monotherapy, we found a dose-related beneficial effect upon reaction time, with higher serum levels associated with faster responses and fewer omission errors, particularly on complex reaction time. Phenobarbital caused minimal dose-related effects: only variability and impulsive errors increased with increasing serum levels, and only on one segment of the test (73 subjects).

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