scholarly journals The taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of the New Zealand Thomisidae (Arachnida: Araneae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Phil J. Sirvid

<p>The New Zealand Thomisidae (crab spiders) are represented in New Zealand by two subfamilies (Stephanopinae and Thomisinae) and were used as a model group to test two competing theories on the origins of the New Zealand spider fauna. The New Zealand thomisids are also given their first full taxonomic revision. The two origin models essentially represent species radiations following recent dispersal or ancient vicariance events. Modern distribution data suggested that the stephanopines are poor dispersers and may provide evidence demonstrating a long period of separation from Australia; while in contrast, thomisines are known to be excellent dispersers. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of cytochrome c suboxidase subunit I (COI), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S), histone H3 (H3), NADH dehyrogenase 1 (ND1) data and a combined genetic dataset was undertaken. Results indicate New Zealand stephanopines and thomisines form distinct endemic groups separate from sampled Australian species and appear to have separated from them around 5-6 million years ago. Additionally, genetic data from this study showed i) colour variations are not indicative of cryptic species; ii) previously described species are genetically distinct; iii) several suspected new species are also genetically distinct; iv) the relatively recent establishment of two Australian stephanopines and the occurrence of similar COI haplotypes in disjunct locations suggest that the dispersal ability of stephanopines is greater than previously thought and that radiation following colonization from Australia is a plausible explanation for the current diversity of the New Zealand thomisid biota. The taxonomic revision raises the number of described species from eight to eleven based on a combination of morphological and genetic data. In the stephanopines, Bryantymella Gen. nov. is erected to contain the type species Bryantymella angularis (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov. as well as B. angulata (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov., B. thorini sp. nov. and B. brevirostris sp. nov. Two Australian species, Sidymella longipes (Koch, 1874) and S. trapezia (Koch, 1874), are also recorded for New Zealand. Sidymella benhami (Hogg, 1910) is considered to be a junior synonym of Bryantymella angulata (Urquhart, 1885). In the thomisines, all species are now included in the previously monotypic genus Cymbachina Bryant, 1933. The genus now encompasses the type species C. albobrunnea (Urquhart, 1893), C. ambara (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov., C. albolimbata (L. Koch, 1893) comb. nov., C. sphaeroides (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov. and D. urquharti sp. nov. Synema suteri Dahl, 1907 is regarded as a junior synonym of C. ambara (L. Koch 1893). All previously described species are redescribed to a modern standard and sexes for some species are described for the first time. Three new species are described. Photographs of adults and diagnostic genitalic characters are included, as are diagnostic keys and updated synonymic, geographic and biological information. Overall, this study indicates that New Zealand thomisids appear to have split from their Australian relatives some 5-6 million years ago and taken in concert with the recent establishment of two Australian stephanopine species, it appears that dispersal to New Zealand by Australian colonists and subsequent radiation into endemic New Zealand forms is a plausible explanation for the current state of the fauna. Genetic and morphological data are mutually supporting and in concert have helped inform the first taxonomic revision ever undertaken for this family in New Zealand.</p>

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Phil J. Sirvid

<p>The New Zealand Thomisidae (crab spiders) are represented in New Zealand by two subfamilies (Stephanopinae and Thomisinae) and were used as a model group to test two competing theories on the origins of the New Zealand spider fauna. The New Zealand thomisids are also given their first full taxonomic revision. The two origin models essentially represent species radiations following recent dispersal or ancient vicariance events. Modern distribution data suggested that the stephanopines are poor dispersers and may provide evidence demonstrating a long period of separation from Australia; while in contrast, thomisines are known to be excellent dispersers. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of cytochrome c suboxidase subunit I (COI), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S), histone H3 (H3), NADH dehyrogenase 1 (ND1) data and a combined genetic dataset was undertaken. Results indicate New Zealand stephanopines and thomisines form distinct endemic groups separate from sampled Australian species and appear to have separated from them around 5-6 million years ago. Additionally, genetic data from this study showed i) colour variations are not indicative of cryptic species; ii) previously described species are genetically distinct; iii) several suspected new species are also genetically distinct; iv) the relatively recent establishment of two Australian stephanopines and the occurrence of similar COI haplotypes in disjunct locations suggest that the dispersal ability of stephanopines is greater than previously thought and that radiation following colonization from Australia is a plausible explanation for the current diversity of the New Zealand thomisid biota. The taxonomic revision raises the number of described species from eight to eleven based on a combination of morphological and genetic data. In the stephanopines, Bryantymella Gen. nov. is erected to contain the type species Bryantymella angularis (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov. as well as B. angulata (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov., B. thorini sp. nov. and B. brevirostris sp. nov. Two Australian species, Sidymella longipes (Koch, 1874) and S. trapezia (Koch, 1874), are also recorded for New Zealand. Sidymella benhami (Hogg, 1910) is considered to be a junior synonym of Bryantymella angulata (Urquhart, 1885). In the thomisines, all species are now included in the previously monotypic genus Cymbachina Bryant, 1933. The genus now encompasses the type species C. albobrunnea (Urquhart, 1893), C. ambara (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov., C. albolimbata (L. Koch, 1893) comb. nov., C. sphaeroides (Urquhart, 1885) comb. nov. and D. urquharti sp. nov. Synema suteri Dahl, 1907 is regarded as a junior synonym of C. ambara (L. Koch 1893). All previously described species are redescribed to a modern standard and sexes for some species are described for the first time. Three new species are described. Photographs of adults and diagnostic genitalic characters are included, as are diagnostic keys and updated synonymic, geographic and biological information. Overall, this study indicates that New Zealand thomisids appear to have split from their Australian relatives some 5-6 million years ago and taken in concert with the recent establishment of two Australian stephanopine species, it appears that dispersal to New Zealand by Australian colonists and subsequent radiation into endemic New Zealand forms is a plausible explanation for the current state of the fauna. Genetic and morphological data are mutually supporting and in concert have helped inform the first taxonomic revision ever undertaken for this family in New Zealand.</p>


Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4531 (4) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
DIEGO AGUILAR FACHIN ◽  
MARTIN HAUSER

The Neotropical genus Himantigera James in James & McFadden, 1982, is revised. Two new species are described and illustrated—H. amauroptera nov. sp. (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia), and H. xanthopoda nov. sp. (Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica). Three species are transferred from Himantigera to Sargus Fabricius, 1798—S. dichrous (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov., S. flavoniger Lindner, 1928 comb. rev. and S. fulvithorax (Bigot, 1879) comb. nov. One species is transferred to Microchrysa Loew, 1855—M. splendens (Schiner, 1868) comb. nov. Himantigera jamesi Lindner, 1969 syn. nov. is proposed as a junior synonym of H. superba Lindner, 1949. The type species H. silvestris McFadden, 1982, as well as H. nigrifemorata Macquart, 1847 and H. superba Lindner, are herein redescribed and illustrated. Photographs of the type specimens of these three species are provided. Two unnamed species of Himantigera (sp. A and sp. B) are also described given that they have slight differences, but because we had only one specimen of each species, we did not officially describe them. This updates the total number of extant Himantigera from eight sensu Woodley (2001) to seven species. The species Merosargus apicalis Lindner, 1935, although never referred to the genus Himantigera or Himantoloba McFadden 1970, is also transferred to the genus Sargus. A key to all species of Himantigera and a map expanding geographical distribution of the genus are also presented, with the first records of the genus for Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Ecuador and Bolivia. 


Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4685 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRENE LOBATO-VILA ◽  
JULI PUJADE-VILLAR

A taxonomic revision of the tribe Ceroptresini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is conducted for the first time. Prior to this study, the total number of valid species of Ceroptres, the only genus within Ceroptresini to date, was 23. As a result of this revision, 15 Ceroptres species are retained as valid and one species, Amblynotus ensiger Walsh, 1864, is desynonymized from Ceroptres petiolicola (Osten-Sacken, 1861), being considered here as a valid Ceroptres species: C. ensiger (Walsh, 1864) status verified and comb. nov. An additional five new species are described from Mexico: Ceroptres junquerasi Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar sp. nov.; C. lenis Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar sp. nov.; C. mexicanus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar sp. nov.; C. nigricrus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar sp. nov.; C. quadratifacies Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar sp. nov., increasing the total number of valid Ceroptres species to 21. Ceroptres masudai Abe, 1997 is synonymized with C. kovalevi Belizin, 1973. Ceroptres niger Fullaway, 1911 is transferred to Andricus (Andricus confusus Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar comb. nov. and nom. nov.). Five species (Amblynotus inermis Walsh, 1864; Cynips quercusarbos Fitch, 1859; Cynips querficus Fitch, 1859; Cynips quercuspisum Fitch, 1859; and Cynips quercustuber Fitch, 1859) are not considered as valid Ceroptres. The status of Ceroptres quereicola (Shinji, 1938), previously classified as an unplaced species, is commented on. In addition, a Nearctic species from the USA, Ceroptres politus Ashmead, 1896, is here proposed as the type species of a new genus within Ceroptresini: Buffingtonella Lobato-Vila & Pujade-Villar gen. nov. Redescriptions, biological and distribution data, illustrations and keys to genera and species within Ceroptresini are provided. The diagnostic morphological traits of Ceroptresini, Ceroptres and the new genus are discussed. 


Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 438 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-236
Author(s):  
BÁLINT DIMA ◽  
KARL SOOP

Cortinarius section Xenosmatae, originally based on solely morphological characters, was subsequently shown to contain phylogenetically distantly related species. The type species C. xenosma is a singleton, and this study aims to revise the other members of the section using combined molecular (nrDNA ITS and LSU) and morphological data. Based on phylogenetic analyses using RAxML, PhyML and Bayesian Inference and additional morphological features one new species (C. paraxenosma) and one new section (sect. Olorinati) are proposed. Furthermore sect. Carbonelli is extended and emended to include two former members of sect. Xenosmatae. A key to the species in New Zealand with xenosmatoid morphology is provided.


2020 ◽  
Vol 717 ◽  
pp. 70-89
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Sepúlveda ◽  
Diego de S. Souza ◽  
Angela Echeverry ◽  
Luciane Marinoni ◽  
Claudio J.B. de Carvalho

The genus Teloneria Aczél, 1954 is resurrected from synonymy with Chaetonerius Hendel, 1913 to include four species: Teloneria apicata (Edwards, 1919) comb. nov., Teloneria bimaculata (Edwards, 1919) comb. nov., Teloneria juceliae Sepúlveda & Souza sp. nov. and Teloneria ladyae Sepúlveda & Souza sp. nov. Lectotypes for Telostylus apicatus Edwards, 1919 and its junior synonym, Telostylinus apicalis Enderlein, 1922, and for Telostylinus ornatipennis Enderlein, 1922, junior synonym of Teloneria bimaculata comb. nov., are designated. An identification key to Chaetonerius, Telostylus Bigot, 1859 and Teloneria, with emphasis on the identification of the species of Teloneria, illustrations and distribution data are provided.


1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
RJ Raven

Two new genera, Plesiothele and Bymainiella, are erected to receive all the Australian species of the subfamily Hexathelinae, which now comprises four genera, including Hexathele with 20 species from New Zealand, and Scotinoecus with two species from South America. Plesiothele is a monotypic Tasmanian genus, type-species Hexathele fentoni Hickman, 1936. Bymainiella comprises 12 new species: B. boycei, B. boydi, B. brindabella, B. cannoni, B. grayi, B. lugubris, B. monteithi, B. montisbossi, B. otwayensis, B. polesoni, B. tubrabucca and B. variabilis; also B. montana (Hickman, 1927), and B. terraereginae (Raven, 1976), the latter being the type-species. The typespecies of Scotinoecus, S. cinereopilosus, is redescribed, and keys to the genera of the subfamily Hexathelinae, and to the Bymainiella species, are given. Two new indices are introduced to overcome the problem of bilateral variability. Bymainiella is believed to be the sister group of Scotinoecus.


1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Horak

The phycitine genera Faveria Walker, Morosaphycita, gen. nov., Epicrocis Zeller, Ptyobathra Turner and Vinicia Ragonot are revised, based on their type species and 18 Australian species. Comprehensive descriptions and illustrations are given for the Australian species and the genitalia of some critical species from outside Australia are figured. Oligochroa Ragonot, Pristarthria Ragonot and Sclerobia Ragonot are junior synonyms of Faveria, with six Australian species including the type species Faveria laiasalis Walker and Faveria griseopuncta, sp. nov. Morosaphycita, gen. nov., is proposed for a group of species including the complex of Morosaphycita morosalis (SaalmÜller) with two new Australian species, the type of the genus M. tridens, sp. nov., and M. bispinosa, sp. nov. Canthelea Walker is treated as a junior synonym of Epicrocis, and E. festivella Zeller and E. oegnusalis (Walker) are part of two species complexes each including Australian species, E. pulchra, sp. nov., and E. atrilinea, sp. nov., with the former and E. metallopa (Lower) with the latter. Ptyobathra is based on an Australian species, but extends to Sri Lanka and Japan, whereas Vinicia is so far known only from Australia and New Zealand. Vinicia gypsopa (Meyrick) is synonymised with Vinicia digrammella (Meyrick). Lectotypes are designated for Pempelia strigiferella Meyrick, Pempelia rufitinctella Meyrick, Pempelia caliginosella Meyrick, Eucarphia cnephaeella Meyrick, Nephopteryx dasyptera Lower, Pempelia oculiferella Meyrick, Homoeosoma gratella Walker, Oligochroa atrisquamella Hampson, Nephopteryx hades Lower, Pempelia digrammella Meyrick, Salebria gypsopa Meyrick and Epicrocis macrota Meyrick.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi M. Meudt ◽  
Jessica M. Prebble

A taxonomic revision of southern hemisphere bracteate-prostrate forget-me-nots (Myosotis L., Boraginaceae) is presented here. The group comprises mostly species endemic to New Zealand plus the South American Myosotis antarctica Hook.f. (also Campbell Island) and M. albiflora Hook.f. The statistical analyses of morphological data from herbarium specimens reported here support recognition of five main subgroups on the basis of habit. Excluding the M. pygmaea Colenso species group (M. antarctica, M. brevis de Lange & Barkla, M. drucei (L.B.Moore) de Lange & Barkla, M. glauca (G.Simpson & J.S.Thomson) de Lange & Barkla, and M. pygmaea), which is being treated elsewhere, 14 species are recognised in the following four remaining subgroups: (1) creeping-species group: M. matthewsii L.B.Moore, M. chaffeyorum Lehnebach, M. spatulata G.Forst., M. tenericaulis Petrie, and M. albiflora; (2) cushion-species group: M. uniflora Hook.f., M. pulvinaris Hook.f., and M. glabrescens L.B.Moore; (3) M. cheesemanii + M. colensoi species group: M. cheesemanii Petrie and M. colensoi J.F.Macbr.; and (4) M. lyallii species group: M. lyallii Hook.f. and new species M. retrorsa Meudt, Prebble & Hindmarsh-Walls. New species Myosotis umbrosa Meudt, Prebble & Thorsen and M. bryonoma Meudt, Prebble & Thorsen do not fit comfortably within these subgroups. Myosotis elderi L.B.Moore is treated as M. lyallii subsp. elderi (L.B.Moore) Meudt & Prebble. For each of the 14 species revised here, a key to species, descriptions, phenology, distributions, maps, illustrations, specimens examined and notes are provided. Some specimens examined do not fit within these species and require additional comparative studies, including with certain ebracteate-erect species, before taxonomic decisions can be made. Future research on these and other southern hemisphere Myosotis should incorporate the morphological data presented here, with additional genetic, cytological, pollen, and other data in an integrative systematic framework.


Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5052 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
WANDA WESOŁOWSKA ◽  
TAMÁS SZŰTS

Thiratoscirtina is an African endemic subtribe of aelurilline jumping spiders. Among the 18 genera belonging here, the genus Pochyta Simon, 1901 and its ten currently recognized species is yet to be revised, and the described species have been not studied from a taxonomical perspective. We examined all the species thought to belong here based on the type material. The limits of the genus are redefined. Pochyta moschensis Caporiacco, 1947 is proposed as the junior synonym of Natta horizontalis Karsch, 1879. Pochyta simoni Lessert, 1925 is transferred to the newly established genus Kibo gen. n., and a new combination Kibo simoni comb. n. is proposed for it. Both P. albimana Simon, 1902 and P. pannosa Simon, 1903 are proposed as a junior synonym of P. spinosa Simon, 1901, the type species. P. occidentalis Simon, 1902 is proposed as a junior synonym of P. pulchra (Thorell, 1899). Lectotypes are designated for Pochyta insulana and P. simoni. Seven new species are described: Pochyta aurantiaca sp. n. (♂♀), P. equatorialis sp. n. (♂♀), P. lucida sp. n. (♀), P. maddisoni sp. n. (♂♀), P. tendicula sp. n. (♂)—all from Gabon, P. konilokho sp. n. (♂) from Guinea, and P. minuta sp. n. (♀) from Nigeria. The yet unknown females of Pochyta fastibilis Simon, 1903, P. major Simon, 1902 and P. pulchra (Thorell, 1899) are described for the first time. New distribution data for some species are given.  


Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1292 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS A.M. REID

The Australian genera of Chrysomelinae are reviewed and redefined. A new genus of Chrysomelinae is described: Alfius gen. n., from Queensland, with three species, A. hieroglyphicus (Lea), A. pictus (Lea) and A. pictipennis (Lea), all transferred from Oomela Lea. The hitherto Papuan genus Sphaerotritoma Arrow, with two species, is removed from Erotylidae and placed in Chrysomelinae, and one Australian species added, S. coccinelloides (Lea), from Oomela. A key is provided for adults of the 42 native and 4 exotic genera of Chrysomelinae occurring in Australia. Information on host-plants and immature stages is listed where known. Taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in the Australian or Papuan Chrysomelinae are resolved, as follows: (i) new or confirmed generic synonyms, senior name first: Callidemum Blanchard (= Augomela Baly, = Clidonotus Chapuis syn. n., = Kurumela Gressitt, = Stethomela Baly); Chalcomela Baly (= Cyclomela Baly syn. n., = Micromela Baly), Dicranosterna Motschulsky (= Trochalodes Weise syn. n., = Paropsimelina Daccordi syn. n.), Oomela Lea (= Nannoda Weise), Paropsimorpha Lhoste (= Thaumalegastra Daccordi syn. n.), Paropsis Olivier (= Procrisina Aslam syn. n.), Paropsisterna Motschulsky (= Chrysophtharta Weise syn. n., = Sterromela Weise syn. n., = Xanthogramma Weise syn. n.), Platymela Baly (= Macelola Selman syn. n.), Trachymela Weise (= Chondromela Weise); (ii) reversal of synonymy (sensu Daccordi 1994) by removal of: Phola Weise from Chalcolampra Blanchard; Rhaebosterna Weise from Faex Weise; Platymela Baly from Callidemum Blanchard; (iii) replacement of species homonyms: Phyllocharis ewani nom. n. for Phyllocharis abdominalis (Jacoby, 1894) nec Baly, 1867; Tinosis leai nom. n. for T. fasciata (Lea, 1915) nec Weise, 1908b; (iv) new species synonymy, senior name first, in the original combination with present placement in square brackets if different: Aesernia [Promechus] australica Jacoby (= Aesernia bipunctata Weise syn. n., A. mjoebergi Weise syn. n.); Australica [Platymela] digglesi Baly (= Platymela mjoebergi Weise syn. n.); Australica [Paropsides] erudita Baly (= Paropsis complicata Blackburn syn. n.); Augomela [Paropsimorpha] elegans Baly (= Stethomela armiventris Lea syn. n.); Chalcolampra rufipes Jacoby (= Phyllocharis fulvifrons Jacoby syn. n.); Chrysomela [Gastrophysa] viridula Degeer (= Lamprolina unicolor Jacoby syn. n.); Eugastromela metasternalis Lea (= E. flavitarsis Lea syn. n.); Grammicomela quadrilineata Lea (= Stethomela rara Lea syn. n.); Micromela [Chalcomela] cupripennis Baly (= Stethomela purpureipennis Lea syn. n.); Notoclea [Chalcomela] splendens Macleay (= Chalcomela illudens Baly syn. n.); Oomela [Tinosis] bicolor Wilson (= Nannoda femoralis Weise syn. n.); Oomela trimaculata Lea (= Nannoda bimaculata Weise syn. n.); Oomela variabilis Lea (= Nannoda variabilis Weise syn. n.); Paropsis [Dicranosterna] circe Stål (= Paropsis pedestris Chapuis syn. n.); Paropsis [Peltoschema] delicatula Chapuis (= Peltoschema vestalis Daccordi & De Little syn. n.); Paropsis [Paropsisterna] semifumata Blackburn (= Xanthogramma pellucida Weise syn. n.); Chalcomela [Sphaerotritoma] nigripennis Baly (= Sphaerotritoma laeta Arrow syn. n.); (v) type species designations: Phyllocharis splendens Guérin-Méneville for Aesernia Stål, Chrysomela hypochalcea Germar for Augomela Baly, Chalcomela illudens Baly for Chalcomela Baly, Nannoda variabilis Weise for Nannoda Weise, Platymela sticticollis Baly for Platymela Baly, Promechus splendidus Boisduval for Promechus Boisduval, Stethomela submetallica Baly for Stethomela Baly;Phyllocharis wollumbina (Daccordi) comb. n.; Platymela bimaculiceps (Lea) comb. n., P. cephalotes (Lea) comb. n., P. digglesi (Baly) comb. n., P. flavescens (Blackburn) comb. n., P. flavida (Lea) comb. n., P. hasenpuschi (Daccordi) comb. n., P. maculiceps (Lea) comb. n., P. monochromatea (Lea) comb. n., P. quadripustulata (Baly) comb. n., P. transversa (Baly) comb. n.; Rhaebosterna interruptofasciata (Baly) comb. n.; Sphaerotritoma coccinelloides (Lea) comb. n., S. nigripennis (Baly) comb. n.; Tinosis bicolor (Wilson) comb. n.; Trachymela echo (Blackburn) comb. n.; (vii) lectotype designation for Oomela hieroglyphica Lea; (viii) recognition of two unavailable nomina nuda: subtribal name Calomelina Daccordi & De Little; generic name Gastromela Daccordi; (ix) listing of lapsus calami with their attempted identification.


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