X-RAY CONTROL OF WELDED JOINTS ACCORDING TO GOST AND ISO SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
E. I. Kosarina ◽  
N. A. Mikhaylova ◽  
O. A. Krupnina ◽  
A. A. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Welded Joints ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Sensitivity Assessment ◽  
High Gradients ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Sensitivity Standard

The results of comparative analysis of assessing modes, parameters and means of radiographic control of welded joints of critical duty using the Russian (GOST) and international (ISO) standards are presented. Comparison was carried out by the sensitivity of control, permissible radiation energy (affecting the formation of the contrast of the radiation image), and minimum focal length (determining the sharpness of the resulting optical image). Requirements of the ISO system for the sensitivity of control are higher, than that of the State standard specification system. The sensitivity assessment in the ISO system is carried out using the wire indicator, the dimensions of which are smaller than the dimensions of the grooves of the groove sensitivity standard, regulated by GOST. However, the choice of the radiation energy in the system requirements GOST is stricter than that in the ISO system. This provides enhanced contrast of the generated radiation image. The conversion of the radiation image into an optical one using the ISO system is carried out using film systems of a high optical density. According to the ISO requirements transformation of the radiation image to the optical one is to be carried out using film systems of the certain class. And, as a result, transformation of the radiation image to the optical occurs in the field of high gradients. GOST imposes no requirement to film systems, since there is the only one class of domestic film on the market. The requirements to the minimum allowable focal length (GOST) are higher compared to the ISO system, which makes it possible to obtain better sharpness of radiographic images. Performance monitoring according to GOST also exceeds that of ISO. As a result, we can conclude that the quality welded joints should be monitored using the complete set of the accepted standards.

scholarly journals Data mining algorithms in the task of diagnosing the welded joints quality

2019 ◽  
pp. 463-476
Author(s):  
R R Akhmedyanov ◽  
K F Tagirova ◽  
A M Vulfin ◽  
V V Berkholts ◽  
R Ch Gayanov
Keyword(s):  
Welded Joints ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Radiographic Image ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Radiographic Method ◽  
Data Mining Algorithms ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Trained Neural Network ◽  
Mining Algorithms

The paper discusses the issue of creating an intelligent diagnostic system for welded joints based on the radiographic method. This will speed up the process of decoding radiographic images and reduce the number of errors associated with human factors, since at this time most of the work on decoding images is done manually. The goal of the work is to develop an intelligent system for finding defects in a welded joint in a radiographic image using neural networks. The obtained results are the algorithm of operation of the intelligent diagnostic system for welded joints based on the radiographic method, a trained neural network for detecting defects of welded joints.

A Measurement System for Performance Monitoring on Small Sailing Dinghies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Boehm ◽  
Robert Brehm ◽  
Janek Meyer ◽  
Lars Duggen ◽  
Kai Graf
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Hardware System ◽  
First Results ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Remote Client ◽  
The University

This paper describes a new performance monitoring system for dinghies and small sailing boats, developed in a collaborative project of the Yacht Research Unit Kiel (YRUK) and the Mads Clausen Institute (MCI) of the University of Southern Denmark. The system under development features a complete set of nautical instruments (wind, boat speed and heading, position) as well as dynamic sensors measuring the motion of the dinghy with additional audio and video streams for crew observations. Most sensors are integrated in a small lightweight housing also containing a main processing unit to be mounted on a dinghy. Some external miniaturized sensors (wind and water anemometers) are connected wirelessly. Data and media streams are recorded. Further a telemetry system allows online data transmission to a remote client operated on a coach boat. Analysis software allows the coach to visualize and analyze the performance of the dinghy. Both, the hardware system and the analysis software are presented here including first results from a field trial.

scholarly journals Determination of Performance Measuring Parameters of an Improved Dual Paraboloid Solar Cooker

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhail Zaki Farooqui
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Energy And Exergy Analysis ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

An experimental investigation into the performance evaluation of an improved dual reflector foldable paraboloid solar cooker has been reported, along with its energy and exergy analysis. The best attribute of this lightweight and low-cost solar cooker is its high performance coupled with the ease of handling. The cooker utilizes two paraboloid reflectors made out of Mylar-coated fiberglass dishes, each having a diameter of 90 cm and focal length of 105 cm. The total intercepted radiation energy is 1.08 kW under standard test conditions. Stagnation temperatures of up to 330°C and cooking temperatures of up to 290°C have been attained with load. Altogether, 9 experiments have been performed with and without load. Loaded tests have been conducted with water and vegetable oil. Results indicate an average cooking power of 485 W, peak exergy gain of 60.53 W, quality factor of 0.077, and a high product of temperature difference gap at half peak power to peak power of 4364.33 W·K. The maximum exergy output power attained was 70 W, while maximum exergy efficiency was 8–10%. All performance measuring parameters indicate that it is a high performance solar cooker for rural and urban communities and is suitable for all types of oil- and water-based cooking.

Resolution Attainable With the Present Day STEM

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 230-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Wall ◽  
J. P. Langmore ◽  
H. Isaacson ◽  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Aperture Size ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Half Angle

The scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) constructed by the authors employs a field emission gun and a 1.15 mm focal length magnetic lens to produce a probe on the specimen. The aperture size is chosen to allow one wavelength of spherical aberration at the edge of the objective aperture. Under these conditions the profile of the focused spot is expected to be similar to an Airy intensity distribution with the first zero at the same point but with a peak intensity 80 per cent of that which would be obtained If the lens had no aberration. This condition is attained when the half angle that the incident beam subtends at the specimen, 𝛂 = (4𝛌/Cs)¼

The Reduction of Chromatic Aberrations Due to Instrumental Instabilities

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
J. S. Lally ◽  
R. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Usual Practice ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Short Focal Length ◽  
Chromatic Aberrations ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One of the instrumental factors often limiting the resolution of the electron microscope is image defocussing due to changes in accelerating voltage or objective lens current. This factor is particularly important in high voltage electron microscopes both because of the higher voltages and lens currents required but also because of the inherently longer focal lengths, i.e. 6 mm in contrast to 1.5-2.2 mm for modern short focal length objectives.The usual practice in commercial electron microscopes is to design separately stabilized accelerating voltage and lens supplies. In this case chromatic aberration in the image is caused by the random and independent fluctuations of both the high voltage and objective lens current.

A Superconducting Microscope

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 10-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Worsham ◽  
J. E. Mann ◽  
E. G. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Helium ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Electrical Instability ◽  
Radiation Shields ◽  
And Control ◽  
Thermal Oscillations ◽  
Flux Pump

This superconducting microscope, Figure 1, was first operated in May, 1970. The column, which started life as a Siemens Elmiskop I, was modified by removing the objective and intermediate lenses, the specimen chamber, and the complete vacuum system. The large cryostat contains the objective lens and stage. They are attached to the bottom of the 7-liter helium vessel and are surrounded by two vapor-cooled radiation shields.In the initial operational period 5-mm and 2-mm focal length objective lens pole pieces were used giving magnification up to 45000X. Without a stigmator and precision ground pole pieces, a resolution of about 50-100Å was achieved. The boil-off rate of the liquid helium was reduced to 0.2-0.3ℓ/hour after elimination of thermal oscillations in the cryostat. The calculated boil-off was 0.2ℓ/hour. No effect caused by mechanical or electrical instability was found. Both 4.2°K and 1.7-1.9°K operation were routine. Flux pump excitation and control of the lens were quite smooth, simple, and, apparently highly stable. Alignment of the objective lens proved quite awkward, however, with the long-thin epoxy glass posts used for supporting the lens.

Improvements in the electron probe forming capabilities and x-ray hole counts in the Philips TEM

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 376-377
Author(s):  
Richard L. McConville
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Parallel Beam ◽  
Tilt Axis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Specimen Height

A second generation twin lens has been developed. This symmetrical lens with a wider bore, yet superior values of chromatic and spherical aberration for a given focal length, retains both eucentric ± 60° tilt movement and 20°x ray detector take-off angle at 90° to the tilt axis. Adjust able tilt axis height, as well as specimen height, now ensures almost invariant objective lens strengths for both TEM (parallel beam conditions) and STEM or nano probe (focused small probe) modes.These modes are selected through use of an auxiliary lens situ ated above the objective. When this lens is on the specimen is illuminated with a parallel beam of electrons, and when it is off the specimen is illuminated with a focused probe of dimensions governed by the excitation of the condenser 1 lens. Thus TEM/STEM operation is controlled by a lens which is independent of the objective lens field strength.

Comparison of Deterministic and Linear Cosine Spatial Filtering of Transmission Electron Micrographs

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 596-597
Author(s):  
David A. Ansley
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Spatial Filter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
List Type ◽  
Spatial Filters ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The coherence of the electron flux of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) limits the direct application of deconvolution techniques which have been used successfully on unmanned spacecraft programs. The theory assumes noncoherent illumination. Deconvolution of a TEM micrograph will, therefore, in general produce spurious detail rather than improved resolution.A primary goal of our research is to study the performance of several types of linear spatial filters as a function of specimen contrast, phase, and coherence. We have, therefore, developed a one-dimensional analysis and plotting program to simulate a wide 'range of operating conditions of the TEM, including adjustment of the:(1) Specimen amplitude, phase, and separation(2) Illumination wavelength, half-angle, and tilt(3) Objective lens focal length and aperture width(4) Spherical aberration, defocus, and chromatic aberration focus shift(5) Detector gamma, additive, and multiplicative noise constants(6) Type of spatial filter: linear cosine, linear sine, or deterministic

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