scholarly journals Large outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in Denmark in 2008

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ethelberg ◽  
A Wingstrand ◽  
T Jensen ◽  
G Sørensen ◽  
L Muller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Specific Source

An outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type U292 has been ongoing in Denmark since 1 April, with 1,054 cases registered until 23 October 2008. Extensive investigations including hypothesis-generating interviews, matched case-control studies, cohort studies in embedded outbreaks, shopping list analyses, analyses of food samples from patient's homes, trace-back analyses and extensive microbiological analysis of products have not provided clear indications of a specific source of infection but the main hypothesis is that the vehicle of the outbreak are different pork products. In addition to the large U292 outbreak, at least four other S. Typhimurium outbreaks (caused by phage types U288, DT120, DT3 and DT135) have been investigated in Denmark in 2008.

scholarly journals Salmonella Typhimurium outbreaks in the Netherlands in 2008

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Doorduyn ◽  
A Hofhuis ◽  
C M de Jager ◽  
W K van der Zwaluw ◽  
D W Notermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Cream Cheese ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Specific Source ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Large Case

A large, countrywide outbreak due to multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium phage type DT104 is ongoing in the Netherlands, with 152 cases as of 20 October. Pilot interviews did not suggest any specific source of infection but a hypothesis pointing to pork products has been formulated and a large case-control study is under way. Earlier this year two other oubtreaks due to S. Typhimurium were detected and investigated, the first (DT15A) linked to a particular brand of cream cheese, the other (Dutch phage type ft507) to a local butcher.

Simultaneous norovirus outbreak in three Portuguese army bases in the Lisbon region, December 2017

2019 ◽  
pp. jramc-2019-001242
Author(s):  
António Lopes-João ◽  
J R Mesquita ◽  
R de Sousa ◽  
M Oleastro ◽  
C Penha-Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Enteropathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Positive Stool ◽  
Stool Specimens

IntroductionNorovirus outbreaks frequently occur in communities and institutional settings acquiring a particular significance in armed forces where prompt reporting is critical. Here we describe the epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial investigation of a multicentre gastroenteritis outbreak that was detected simultaneously in three Portuguese army units with a common food supplier, Lisbon region, between 5 and 6 December 2017.MethodsQuestionnaires were distributed to all soldiers stationed in the three affected army units, and stool specimens were collected from soldiers with acute gastrointestinal illness. Stool specimens were tested for common enteropathogenic bacteria by standard methods and screened for a panel of enteric viruses using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. Food samples were also collected for microbiological analysis. Positive stool specimens for norovirus were further genotyped.ResultsThe three simultaneous acute gastroenteritis outbreaks affected a 31 (3.5%) soldiers from a total of 874 stationed at the three units and lasted for 2 days. No secondary cases were reported. Stool specimens (N=11) were negative for all studied enteropathogenic agents but tested positive for norovirus. The recombinant norovirus GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney was identified in all positive samples with 100% identity.ConclusionsThe results are suggestive of a common source of infection plausibly related to the food supplying chain. Although centralisation of food supplying in the army has economic advantages, it may contribute to the multifocal occurrence of outbreaks. A rapid intervention is key in the mitigation of outbreak consequences and in reducing secondary transmission.

scholarly journals An Easter outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104A associated with traditional pork salami in Italy

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Luzzi ◽  
P Galetta ◽  
M Massari ◽  
Caterina Rizzo ◽  
A M Dionisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Neighbouring Region ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Matched Case

Salmonella enterica is a common cause of gastrointestinal illness in Italy. S. Typhimurium accounts for approximately 40% of isolates, and most of these strains belong to the phage type DT104. We describe the investigation of an outbreak of S. Typhimurium DT104A, a subtype never observed before in Italy, which occurred in Rome during spring 2004. We conducted a matched case control study between 24 July and 9 September 2004. Controls were matched for age and area of residence. Each case had between one and four controls. Odds of exposure to potential risk factors and vehicles for the outbreak were compared between cases and controls. A multivariate analysis was conducted to estimate adjusted Odds Ratios. Sixty-three cases of S. Typhimurium DT 104A infection with onset between 1 April and 5 May 2004 were identified. Sixty-one were residents of Rome and two were residents of a neighbouring region. Twenty-six cases (43%) were enrolled in the study. Their median age was 7.5 years. Fourteen of 26 cases and 16 of 62 controls had eaten pork salami (OR= 25.5; 95% CI 1.6- 416.8). No food samples were available for testing. In northern Italy, two months prior to the outbreak, the veterinary surveillance system identified the first isolation of S. Typhimurium DT104A in a pig isolate. Both human and pig isolates showed indistinguishable PFGE patterns. It was not possible to trace the pig after the sample was taken at slaughter. The epidemiological evidence on the implication of pork salami in this outbreak suggests that pork products can also be a vehicle for salmonella in Italy and underlines the importance of good manufacturing practices for ready-to-eat foods. This investigation highlights the value of laboratory-based surveillance in identifying community-wide outbreaks of uncommon pathogens. It also underlines the need to improve surveillance timeliness, for promptly detecting outbreaks, undergoing field investigation, and implementing control measures. Moreover, our study shows the usefulness of integrated human and animal surveillance in tracing the possible source of infection.

scholarly journals A biochemical subdivision of one phage type of Salmonella typhimurium

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Lewis ◽  
B. A. D. Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Sugar Fermentation ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Solid Media

SUMMARYA total of 1537 strains of Salmonella typhimurium belonging to seven prevalent phage types were examined on solid media for their ability to ferment rhamnose, xylose and inositol, for colicine production and for nutritional requirements. Most of the strains in each phage type were almost completely homogeneous, especially in their sugar fermentation reactions. However, strains of phage type 1a/2 were not homogeneous, but could be assigned to one of four subgroups on the basis of ability to ferment inositol, inhibition of growth by meso-tartrate and auxotrophy for nicotinic acid. The subdivision proved to have epidemiological value. The inhibition of growth by meso-tartrate was observed on a denned medium containing citrate as the energy source. Inhibition did not occur if glucose, casein hydrolysate or aspartic acid were added to the medium.

scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak associated with a school-lunch dessert: cross-contamination and a long incubation period, Japan, 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MATSUI ◽  
S. SUZUKI ◽  
H. TAKAHASHI ◽  
T. OHYAMA ◽  
J. KOBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
School Lunch ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
History Of

A Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) outbreak in Japan was investigated with an observational study, analytical epidemiology and bacteriological examination (including phage typing). The outbreak occurred among 96 schoolchildren, and was caused by SE phage type 1. The outbreak source was dessert buns served at a school lunch (RR 42·55, 95% CI 5·93–305·11, P<0·001). The buns were probably cross-contaminated from eggs from a factory with a history of SE-contaminated products. The incubation period was longer than usual (3–16 days, median 8 days). A low contaminating dose may account for the long incubation period and low attack rate. Outbreak detection was hampered by the absence of routine Salmonella surveillance in Japan. The investigation was complicated by concurrent illnesses from other SE phage types. It was successful, in part, because adequate food samples were available for microbiological testing.

Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Poultry

2000 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. RAJASHEKARA ◽  
E. HAVERLY ◽  
D. A. HALVORSON ◽  
K. E. FERRIS ◽  
D. C. LAUER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Geographical Locations

Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from feed ingredients or poultry sources isolated during 1995 to 1997 from different geographical locations within Minnesota were examined for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104). Antibiotic susceptibility studies indicated that 15 of 50 isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium had an antibiotic resistance pattern (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline) that is usually observed with multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Of the 15 isolates showing the antibiotic resistance pattern, 8 isolates were phage type 104, 3 isolates were typed as phage type 104 complex, and the remaining 4 isolates belonged to phage types 193, 81, and 126. DT104 was recovered from both feed ingredients and poultry samples. Of the seven feed ingredient–associated Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, four were DT104, whereas only 7 of 43 poultry-associated Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were DT104. A repetitive sequence–based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) of 50 isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium representing 13 phage types identified seven distinct fingerprint profiles. No correlation between phage type and rep-PCR type was noticed. Eleven Salmonella Typhimurium isolates belonging to DT104 and its complex were grouped into two closely related rep-PCR types.

scholarly journals RAPD/PCR AND PHAGE TYPING OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM POULTRY AND FOOD POISONING OUTBREAKS

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
L.R. dos Santos ◽  
A.R. Ribeiro ◽  
S.D. de Oliveira ◽  
L.B. Rodrigues ◽  
M.L. Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Rapd Pcr

ABSTRACT Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is an important pathogen, causing both food poisoning outbreaks in humans and economic losses to the poultry industry, being also widely spread in the environment. This work aimed to identify SE phage types and to standardize the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for evaluating SE isolates obtained from different origins. To do so, 238 SE strains were selected, of which 104 were isolated from broiler carcasses, 106 from food samples and human biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 28 from different poultry materials. Among these 238 SE isolates, 111 were phage typed, and 57.7% (64/ 111) corresponded to phage type (PT) 4, 32.4% (36/111) to PT 4a, 3.6% (4/111) to PT 6a and 0.9% (1/111) to PT 7, whereas 5.4% .6/111) of the strains were not typeable (RDNC, reacts but does not conform). After the standardization of amplification conditions, all 238 SE isolates were submitted to RAPD/PCR. Among these, 91.8% (217/238) were classified as pattern A. Twenty-one isolates were differentiated into four patterns and into seven subtypes with the use of primer 1254, and into four patterns and ten subtypes using primer OPB 17. The combination of phage typing and RAPD/PCR proved to be a useful tool in epidemiological investigations. RAPD/PCR can be easily used as a routine laboratory method, thus helping with the monitoring of SE isolates and contributing to the establishment of effective Salmonella Enteritidis control and preventive programs.

scholarly journals Correlation of phage type, biotype and source in strains ofSalmonella typhimurium

1978 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Anderson ◽  
Linda R. Ward ◽  
Maureen J. De Saxe ◽  
D. C. Old ◽  
Ruth Barker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryA series of 2092 cultures ofSalmonella typhimuriumisolated from human, animal and other sources in 57 countries were differentiated into 204 phage types and 19 primary and 147 full biotypes. Different biotypes belonged to the same phage type and different phage types to the same biotype, so the combination of typing methods differentiated strains more finely than either method alone: 574 different ‘phage type/biotypes’ were distinguished in 1937 cultures belonging to the 204 recognized phage types.The combination of biotyping with phage-typing was valuable in studying the phylogeny and spread of epidemic strains by distinguishing clones of different biotype within the same phage type and by confirming the relationship between cultures isolated from widely dispersed clones and that between cultures isolated before and after a clone had undergone variation in phage type, biotype, colicin type or antibiotic-sensitivity pattern.A widespread outbreak of infection withS. typhimuriumphage type 141 in Scotland comprised independent dissemination of three clones of different biotypes, if, 9f and 31bd. During its epidemic spread in cattle in Britain between 1962 and 1969, another strain underwent variations in phage type (type 44 to type 29), biotype (type 26a to types 26d, 26bd, 26dgi, 26dz and 26i) and antibiotic sensitivity. A group of 275 non-fimbriate, non-inositol-fermenting and non-rhamnose fermenting (FIRN) strains, particularly associated with avian infections and thought to be clonal in origin, contained 27 phage types and 22 full biotypes in the primary biotypes 29–32.

scholarly journals Clonal relationships among naturally occurring nicotinamide-requiringSalmonella typhimurium

1985 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. Barker ◽  
A. A. Yousuf
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Mutant Line ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Independent Mutant

SUMMARYSalmonella typhimuriumstrains of biotype 25x have been shown in transductional cross experiments to be clonal in the Nad character. The ancestral bacterium, probably of biotype 25a, mutated to a requirement for nicotinamide and subsequently diversified in phage type and secondary biotype characters. Such a sequence of events indicates interconversion among phage types 6, 16, 46, 49, 73, 76 and 135. Strains in biotypes 1x, 9ix, 17x, 17dx, 19dx and 25hix yielded Nad+recombinants in interbiotype crosses, suggesting that each originated as an independent mutant line.

scholarly journals A foodborne outbreak of Salmonella infection due to overproduction of egg-containing foods for a festival

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. CAMPS ◽  
A. DOMÍNGUEZ ◽  
M. COMPANY ◽  
M. PÉREZ ◽  
J. PARDOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Safe Food

A large outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in Catalonia in June 2002 with 1435 cases and 117 hospitalizations. Consumption of a hard pastry with vanilla cream was strongly associated with illness. Stool samples from cases and food-handlers were analysed. The premises of the food manufacturer were inspected and food samples were taken for microbiological analysis. Salmonella serotype Enteriditis was isolated from 154 cases, three food-handlers and nine food samples. Outbreak-associated strains showed a coincident phage type, antibiotype and pulse-field gel electrophoresis pattern. Inadequate handling of foods containing eggs occurred because the establishment exceeded its safe food production capacity to meet demand for the pastry, which was consumed on the day of a traditional festival. Excessive production of foods for holidays or special events represents a potential public health threat.

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