scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak associated with a school-lunch dessert: cross-contamination and a long incubation period, Japan, 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MATSUI ◽  
S. SUZUKI ◽  
H. TAKAHASHI ◽  
T. OHYAMA ◽  
J. KOBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
School Lunch ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
History Of

A Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) outbreak in Japan was investigated with an observational study, analytical epidemiology and bacteriological examination (including phage typing). The outbreak occurred among 96 schoolchildren, and was caused by SE phage type 1. The outbreak source was dessert buns served at a school lunch (RR 42·55, 95% CI 5·93–305·11, P<0·001). The buns were probably cross-contaminated from eggs from a factory with a history of SE-contaminated products. The incubation period was longer than usual (3–16 days, median 8 days). A low contaminating dose may account for the long incubation period and low attack rate. Outbreak detection was hampered by the absence of routine Salmonella surveillance in Japan. The investigation was complicated by concurrent illnesses from other SE phage types. It was successful, in part, because adequate food samples were available for microbiological testing.

scholarly journals RAPD/PCR AND PHAGE TYPING OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM POULTRY AND FOOD POISONING OUTBREAKS

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
L.R. dos Santos ◽  
A.R. Ribeiro ◽  
S.D. de Oliveira ◽  
L.B. Rodrigues ◽  
M.L. Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Rapd Pcr

ABSTRACT Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is an important pathogen, causing both food poisoning outbreaks in humans and economic losses to the poultry industry, being also widely spread in the environment. This work aimed to identify SE phage types and to standardize the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) for evaluating SE isolates obtained from different origins. To do so, 238 SE strains were selected, of which 104 were isolated from broiler carcasses, 106 from food samples and human biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 28 from different poultry materials. Among these 238 SE isolates, 111 were phage typed, and 57.7% (64/ 111) corresponded to phage type (PT) 4, 32.4% (36/111) to PT 4a, 3.6% (4/111) to PT 6a and 0.9% (1/111) to PT 7, whereas 5.4% .6/111) of the strains were not typeable (RDNC, reacts but does not conform). After the standardization of amplification conditions, all 238 SE isolates were submitted to RAPD/PCR. Among these, 91.8% (217/238) were classified as pattern A. Twenty-one isolates were differentiated into four patterns and into seven subtypes with the use of primer 1254, and into four patterns and ten subtypes using primer OPB 17. The combination of phage typing and RAPD/PCR proved to be a useful tool in epidemiological investigations. RAPD/PCR can be easily used as a routine laboratory method, thus helping with the monitoring of SE isolates and contributing to the establishment of effective Salmonella Enteritidis control and preventive programs.

scholarly journals Phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from clinical and food samples, and from broiler carcasses in Southern Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Ruschel dos Santos ◽  
Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento ◽  
Sílvia Dias de Oliveira ◽  
Dália P. Rodrigues ◽  
Eliane Moura Falavina dos Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Phage Types

272 isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (111 isolated from frozen broiler chicken carcasses, 126 from human food and other biological materials involved in food poisoning outbreaks and 35 from different poultry materials) were selected for phage typing. From these, 111 were phage typed, 57.65% being classified as phage type 4, 32.43% as phage type 4a, 3.60% as phage type 6a and 0.90% as phage type 7, whereas 5.40% samples were not phage typeable. The predominance of phage type 4 is in agreement with the results published worldwide, and reinforces the need for studies related to the epidemiological meaning of these findings.

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enteritidis Phage Types by Plasmid Analysis, Ribotyping, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 2314-2321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
E. J. Threlfall ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Reference Strains

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to resolveXbaI and SpeI macrorestriction fragments from 60 defined phage type (PT) reference strains of Salmonella enteritidis. The level of discrimination was compared to that afforded by plasmid profile analysis and ribotyping. Twenty-eight distinct XbaI pulsed-field profiles (PFPs) were observed, although a single type, PFP X1, predominated. Absence of the 57-kbspv-associated fragment was observed for three PT reference strains, and the profile was designated PFP X1A. The XbaI macrorestriction profiles of a further four PT reference strains were altered by the presence of plasmid-associated bands. Twenty-sixSpeI-generated PFPs (plus one subtype) were observed for the same strains. No SpeI fragment corresponding to the 38-MDa serovar-specific plasmid was detected. The distribution ofXbaI and SpeI profiles did not always correspond, producing a total of 32 combined PFPs for the 60 PT reference strains. This compared with a total of 18 different plasmid profiles and three PvuII ribotypes generated by the same strains. The results of this study indicate that PFGE may offer an improved level of discrimination over other genotypic typing methods for the epidemiological typing of S. enteritidis.

scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis in England and Wales: increases in unusual phage types in 2002

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
S O’Brien ◽  
L Ward
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Phage Types

Although Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, responsible for the major epidemic during the late 1980s and early 1990s (1), has continued to decline, there have been increases in a number of the more unusual phage types of S. Enteritidis (2). Isolates of S. Enteritidis PT 3, 6a, 13a and 14b and 21 confirmed by the Public Health Laboratory Service Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (PHLS LEP) in England have all increased during 2002 (table 1) (3).

Survey of Salmonella Contamination of Non–United Kingdom-Produced Raw Shell Eggs on Retail Sale in the Northwest of England and London, 2005 to 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2259-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
S. WALSH ◽  
L. HUCKLESBY ◽  
S. SURMAN-LEE ◽  
K. PATHAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Retail Sale ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Weighted Prevalence

This survey was prompted by a change in the epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in England and Wales and elsewhere in Europe and, to our knowledge, is the first survey to provide information on Salmonella contamination of non–United Kingdom eggs on retail sale. Based on 10,464 non–United Kingdom eggs (1,744 pooled samples of six eggs) purchased between March 2005 and July 2006, the total weighted prevalence estimate for all Salmonella detected in non–United Kingdom eggs was 3.3%. Of the eggs sampled, most were produced in Spain (66.3%), France (20.0%), or The Netherlands (7.4%). Salmonella was detected from 4.4 and 0.3% of eggs produced in Spain and France, respectively, with weighted prevalence estimates. Eight different Salmonella serotypes were recovered from non–United Kingdom eggs, of which Salmonella Enteritidis predominated, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. Salmonella Enteritidis was obtained only from Spanish eggs. Nine different phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis were identified, with phage type 1 found to be the predominant phage type. Most of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates obtained from Spanish eggs in the survey were resistant to nalidixic acid with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (0.125 to 1.0 mg/liter) or ampicillin (8.0 mg/liter). Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 1 until now had not been detected in eggs examined as part of previous United Kingdom egg surveys but has been detected in eggs of Spanish origin examined during recent national outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis non–phage type 4 infections in England and Wales. Eggs are a commonly consumed food that may occasionally be contaminated with Salmonella. The rates of contamination may be linked to the origin of the eggs. Consumers and caterers need to be aware of this continuing hazard, adopt appropriate control measures, and follow advice provided by national food agencies in order to reduce the risk of infection.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 29 in Austria : an opportunity to assess the relevance of chicken meat as source of human salmonella infections

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Berghold ◽  
C. Kornschober ◽  
I Lederer ◽  
F Allerberger
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
A Minor

Assuming that the various phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are largely equally virulent, the importance of certain foods as sources of infection for human salmonellosis can be deduced from differences in the distribution of phage types in human and non-human samples. In 2002, S. Enteritidis phage type 29 (PT29) was first isolated from non-human test samples in Austria. S. Enteritidis PT29 accounted for 44 (27.7%) of 159 S. Enteritidis strains, derived from veterinary samples of chicken (e.g. meat, giblets) or chicken habitations (e.g. swabs from the coop and excrement). At the food retail level (chicken meat, chicken liver), five (13.1%) of 38 S. Enteritidis isolates were PT29. The proportion of S. Enteritidis PT29 in human samples was much lower. Only 0.4% (30 human primary isolates) of all S. Enteritidis isolates in the year 2002, and 0.33% (23 human primary isolates) of all human S. Enteritidis strains in 2003 were PT29. In our opinion, the discrepancy between the high prevalence of S. Enteritidis PT29 in broilers and chicken meat and the low number of PT29 cases in humans indicates that chicken meat of Austrian origin is currently only a minor source of human S. Enteritidis infections.

scholarly journals A large outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 associated with eggs from overseas

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stevens ◽  
C. Joseph ◽  
J. Bruce ◽  
D. Fenton ◽  
M. O'Mahony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Unusual Feature ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Definition Of

SUMMARYIn February 1989 the largest reported outbreak to date in the United Kingdom of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection occurred following a wedding reception at a hotel. One hundred and seventy-three people met the case definition of illness of whom 118 had the organism isolated from their stools. A further 17 were found to be S. enteritidis PT4 positive, but were asymptomatic. Lightly-cooked, egg-based sauces were the epidemiologically proven vehicles of infection. Investigations showed this outbreak to be the first to implicate imported European eggs as the source of infection. An unusual feature of this outbreak was a reported incubation period of less than 3 h for some of the confirmed cases of salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Drastic decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans in Belgium in 2005, shift in phage types and influence on foodborne outbreaks

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. COLLARD ◽  
S. BERTRAND ◽  
K. DIERICK ◽  
C. GODARD ◽  
C. WILDEMAUWE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Average Annual Number

SUMMARYIn Belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. During 2005, a 71% decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000–2004 was recorded by the Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella. After the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the rise of isolates belonging to the serotype Enteritidis. PT4, the predominant phage type of serotype Enteriditis over recent years (except in 2003), became the second most prevalent phage type in 2005 after PT21. We present in this paper the epidemiology (incidence and trends) of human salmonellosis in Belgium and assess the role of the vaccination programme in layer flocks on the decline of the incidence of human salmonellosis and foodborne outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis.

scholarly journals A hospital outbreak of salmonella food poisoning due to inadequate deep-fat frying

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Evans ◽  
P. G. Hutchings ◽  
C. D. Ribeiro ◽  
D. Westmoreland
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Deep Fat Frying ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Hospital Outbreak ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Handicapped People

SUMMARYIn an outbreak of plasmid-free Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) food poisoning at a hospital for mentally handicapped people in July 1990, 101 residents and 8 staff were affected and a cohort study implicated beef rissoles cooked by deep-fat frying as the vehicle of infection (relative risk 2·92, 95% confidence interval 1·73–4·93, P ≪ 0·001). Replication of the cooking process demonstrated that the rissoles achieved core temperatures of only 48–60 °C despite external temperatures of 91–95 °C and an oil temperature of 142–154 °C. No residual food was available for microbiological testing but plasmid-containing S. enteritidis PT 4 was isolated in shell eggs from the hospital kitchen.

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