scholarly journals Economic Data in the Surveyors’ Field Notes on the Crimean Economy at the Turn of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 983-994
Author(s):  
L. G. Stepanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Economic Notes ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the source documents used by land surveyors to compile Economic Notes to the General Land Survey plans. The landmarking on the Crimean Peninsula began in the late 18th century, but by the early 19th century it was judged premature and suspended until development of special rules taking into account the peculiarities of land use in the region. And yet the field notes of land surveyors on the Crimean Peninsula of the turn of the 19th century preserve primary economic information to a greater extent than those on other territories of the Russian Empire. This information is presented in the “Skazki to the Economic Land Survey,” data collected from the local population. Skazki (“tales”) containing initial data for Economic Land Survey remain a poorly studied and rarely encountered source. Their identification in these field notes makes it possible to verify the accuracy of the Economic Land Survey and to restore the information excluded from the Brief Economic Notes and descriptions of specific lands in the lost Full and Cameral Economic Notes. The discovered “Skazki to the Economic Notes” on the Tauride gubernia are a unique source that makes it possible to assess the economy of Crimea at the turn of 19th century. They characterize natural environment, economic activities on the peninsula and occupations of its population, provide information on the soil conditions, available water resources, common species of trees, animals, birds, and fish. In their structure, they coincide with the skazki compiled in other regions of Russia, but have characteristic features that are associated with the identity of the Crimea and its economic condition in the late 18th century. The process of the Crimea development made its own adjustments to the land survey documentation. Unlike other regions, here the authors of the skazki were not only landowners’ attorneys, but also land owners themselves — local beys and murzes. The introduction of the skazki into scientific use opens opportunities for comparing their data with the preserved texts of the Economic Notes and for studying the history of the region at the micro level of individual settlements.

Bakhchisarai Dormition Skete is the Basis of the “Russian Athos” in Crimea: Revival and New Status of the Monastery in the Middle of the 19th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Liubov Melnikova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article examines the prerequisites of the appearance, the process of development and the beginning of the implementation of the church-state project of Archbishop Innokenty (Borisov) of Kherson and Tauride “Russian, or Crimean, Athos”, aimed at restoring ancient Christian monasteries on the Crimean peninsula and introducing hermit lifestyle in them according to the charter developed according to the Athos model. The article considers the revival in the middle of the 19th century of the Bakhchisarai Dormition Skete, which became the base of the spiritual center created in the Crimea. The article presents new archival documents on the history of the skete during the Crimean War of 1853—1856. (the affiliation of hieromonk Ioannikiy (Savinov), who was awarded the Order of St. George, to the skete is established; the activities of other monks in the infirmaries are shown; the myth of the existence of a military hospital within the walls of the monastery itself is debunked).

The Public and Economic Activities of the Hִatim Family of Istanbul: A Chapter in the History of the Jewish Leadership in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-127
Author(s):  
Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the biographies and economic and public activities of the Ḥatim family in Istanbul in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Most of the attention is focused on R. Shlomo Ḥatim and his son Yitsḥak, who were members of the Jewish elite in Istanbul and settled in Jerusalem at the ends of their lives. R. Shlomo, who is said to have served the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul, settled in Jerusalem more than ten years before the leaders of the Jewish economic elite in Istanbul were executed in the 1820s. His son, surviving this purge, followed much later, immigrating to Israel in 1846, but died immediately thereafter. This article provides insights into the business activities of the Ḥatim family, as well as the activities of Yitsḥak Ḥatim as an Ottoman official in Istanbul. I also discuss two more generations of this family, considered an elite, privileged one, and that was highly esteemed among well-known rabbis in the Ottoman Empire. I also discuss the ties that developed between the communities of Istanbul and Jerusalem in the first half of the 19th century as a result of initiatives of officials in Istanbul and of immigration from Istanbul to Jerusalem.

STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Oxana M. Kurnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.

Plutonism versus Neptunism at the southern tip of Africa: the debate on the origin of granites at the Cape, 1776–1844

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad Master
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Table Mountain ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTThe Cape Granites are a granitic suite intruded into Neoproterozoic greywackes and slates, and unconformably overlain by early Palaeozoic Table Mountain Group orthoquartzites. They were first recognised at Paarl in 1776 by Francis Masson, and by William Anderson and William Hamilton in 1778. Studies of the Cape Granites were central to some of the early debates between the Wernerian Neptunists (Robert Jameson and his former pupils) and the Huttonian Plutonists (John Playfair, Basil Hall, Charles Darwin), in the first decades of the 19th Century, since it is at the foot of Table Mountain that the first intrusive granites outside of Scotland were described by Hall in 1812. The Neptunists believed that all rocks, including granite and basalt, were precipitated from the primordial oceans, whereas the Plutonists believed in the intrusive origin of some igneous rocks, such as granite. In this paper, some of the early descriptions and debates concerning the Cape Granites are reviewed, and the history of the development of ideas on granites (as well as on contact metamorphism and sea level changes) at the Cape in the late 18th Century and early to mid 19th Century, during the emerging years of the discipline of geology, is presented for the first time.

On Nystagmus, Saccades, and Fixations

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3395 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W Tatler ◽  
Nicholas J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Vestibular Reflex ◽  
Voluntary Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Eye Movements ◽  
The 19Th Century

Investigations of the ways in which the eyes move came to prominence in the 19th century, but techniques for measuring them more precisely emerged in the 20th century. When scanning a scene or text the eyes engage in periods of relative stability (fixations) interspersed with ballistic rotations (saccades). The saccade-and-fixate strategy, associated with voluntary eye movements, was first uncovered in the context of involuntary eye movements following body rotation. This pattern of eye movements is now referred to as nystagmus, and involves periods of slow eye movements, during which objects are visible, and rapid returns, when they are not; it is based on a vestibular reflex which attempts to achieve image stabilisation. Post-rotational nystagmus was reported in the late 18th century (by Wells), with afterimages used as a means of retinal stabilisation to distinguish between movement of the eyes and of the environment. Nystagmus was linked to vestibular stimulation in the 19th century, and Mach, Breuer, and Crum Brown all described its fast and slow phases. Wells and Breuer proposed that there was no visual awareness during the ballistic phase (saccadic suppression). The saccade-and-fixate strategy highlighted by studies of nystagmus was shown to apply to tasks like reading by Dodge, who used more sophisticated photographic techniques to examine oculomotor kinematics. The relationship between eye movements and perception, following earlier intuitions by Wells and Breuer, was explored by Dodge, and has been of fundamental importance in the direction of vision research over the last century.

scholarly journals KRYASHENS OF UDMURT PRIKAMYE REGION IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE XVIII - MIDDLE XIX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Nikolai Viktorovich Pislegin ◽  
Vladimir Sergeevich Churakov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The article comes to view the development of Kryashens, which are connected with Udmurts or with the territory of the modern Udmurt Republic, in the last third of the 18th - middle 19th century. The area in question is the Malmyzh and Elabuga counties of Vyaka province and Mamadysh county of Kazan province. The “Udmurt old-christened” ethno-class status of the inhabitants of the settlements of the Srednekushket volost’ of the Malmyzh county, noted by the sources, was to some extent a “tribute to tradition”. In Mamadysh county in 1834 historically associated with the Udmurts Kryashen settlements were located in 3 volosts; the tendency for their assimilation, which was reflected in the middle of the 18th century, was completed here even earlier, in the first third of the 19th century. In Yelabuga county since its formation there was a old-christened small administrative-territorial unit. In the historical settlements of Kryashens, located in our days in the territory of the Udmurt Republic (Grakhov and Kizner districts), their Udmurt origin, with few exceptions, is not traced. The appearance of this sub-ethnic group of Tatars here was mainly due to migration processes from the nearest southern territory. In this period the norm for the Kryashens was shared with other peoples - Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, and later - Russians. The presence of Russians in historical Kryashen villages steadily increased over time. From the late 18th century the Kryashen volosts often included villages with different ethnic-caste identity. From the second quarter of the 19th century the disappearance of the Kryashen small administrative-territorial units began. It was caused, first of all, by transformations of the state in this sphere.

scholarly journals Akteure im Dazwischen

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-111
Author(s):  
Nathalie Patricia Soursos ◽  
Anna Ransmayr
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Practical Realization ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract From the late 18th century to the end of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, Vienna’s two Greek Orthodox communities administered a remarkable number of endowments. By founding endowments the benefactors acted between several spaces and subspaces. The transgression of boundaries by endowments addressed to the benefactors’ hometowns in the Ottoman Empire as well as the instability of these boundaries in the 19th century led to various problems in the interaction with the state authorities. But also endowments given to Viennese institutions were sometimes problematic, depending on the benefactors’ character as either Ottoman or Habsburg subjects. In contrast to Ottoman subjects, Habsburg subjects could also endow real estate and thus show their integration into the Viennese bourgeoisie. In this article we discuss the legal frameworks for the administration of endowments in the two Greek communities in Vienna as well as its practical realization in interaction with the Habsburg authorities.

scholarly journals INDUSTRY OF THE NORTHERN CRIMEA IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (72) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
E. Erdokesko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Tile Production ◽  
Production Engineering ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Brick And Tile ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

This article examines the industrial development of the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula in the last quarter of the 19th century, which was part of the Perekop district of the Tauric province. The author analyzes the largest branches of industry in the specified region, including salt production, engineering and resources industries, as well as brick and tile production. The largest enterprises, their location, owners and manufactured products are traced.

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