scholarly journals A Survey of Elementary Object Systems

10.29007/dqbd ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Köhler-Bußmeier
Keyword(s):  
Petri Nets ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
State Machines ◽  
Restricted Class ◽  
Turing Complete ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Invariants

This contribution presents the formalism of ElementaryObjectSystems (Eos). Object nets are Petri nets which have Petri nets as tokens – an approach known as the nets-within-nets paradigm. One central aim of this contribution is to compile all our previous works ded- icated to certain aspects of Eos together with recent yet unpublished results within one self-contained presentation. Since object nets in general are immediately Turing complete, we introduce the restricted class of elementary object nets which restrict the nesting of nets to the depth of two. In this work we study the relationship of Eos to existing Petri net formalisms. It turns out that Eos are more powerful than classical p/t nets which is demonstrated by the fact that e.g. reachability and liveness become undecidable problems for Eos. Despite these undecidability results other properties can be extended to Eos using a monotonicity argument similar to that for p/t nets. Also linear algebraic techniques, especially the theory of linear invariants and semiflows, can be extended in an appropriate way. The invariant calculus for Eos even enjoys the property of compositionality, i.e. invariants of the whole system can be composed of invariants of the object nets, which reduces the computational effort. To obtain a finer level of insight we also studied several classes like pure, minimal, or semi-bounded Eos. Among these variants the subclass of generalised state machines is worth mentioning since it combines the decidability of many theoretically interesting properties with a quite rich practical modelling expressiveness.

Composition of Functional Petri Nets

2013 ◽  
pp. 404-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Zaitsev
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Petri Nets ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Fundamental Equation ◽  
Weighted Graph ◽  
Sequential Composition ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Networking Protocols ◽  
Linear Invariants

Functional Petri nets and subnets are introduced and studied for the purpose of speed-up of Petri nets analysis with algebraic methods. The authors show that any functional subnet may be generated by a composition of minimal functional subnets. They propose two ways to decompose a Petri net: via logical equations solution and with an ad-hoc algorithm, whose complexity is polynomial. Then properties of functional subnets are studied. The authors show that linear invariants of a Petri net may be computed from invariants of its functional subnets; similar results also hold for the fundamental equation of Petri nets. A technique for Petri nets analysis using composition of functional subnets is also introduced and studied. The authors show that composition-based calculation of invariants and solutions of fundamental equation provides a significant speed-up of computations. For an additional speed-up, they propose a sequential composition of functional subnets. Sequential composition is formalised in the terms of graph theory and was named the optimal collapse of a weighted graph. At last, the authors apply the introduced technique to the analysis of Petri net models of such well-known networking protocols as ECMA, TCP, BGP.

Research on Hierarchically Petri Nets Modeling Based on Emergency Plan Process Ontology

2010 ◽  
Vol 108-111 ◽  
pp. 372-379
Author(s):  
Lei Du ◽  
Wen Jun Wang ◽  
Cun Xiang Dong ◽  
Xian Kun Zhang ◽  
Shan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Petri Nets ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
Abc Model ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Process Ontology ◽  
Response Information ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Upper Ontology

An emergency plan process modeling method has proposed in order to improve the emergency response information systems semantics of the model. First, emergency plan process ontology is designed by using ABC model as upper ontology. And the levels of the relationship of emergency plan process ontology, meta-model and hierarchically Petri nets are researched, especially the mapping rules between ontology and Petri nets. Finally, the hierarchically Petri nets model of an emergency plan is established by using the modeling method.

Fault-tolerant tracking control of petri nets

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Fritz ◽  
Ping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Petri Nets ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
Tracking Control ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Sensor Actuator ◽  
Linear Programming Problems ◽  
Firing Sequence

Abstract In this paper, the fault-tolerant tracking control of petri nets is considered. The control aim is to steer a petri net in case of faults from an initial marking into a destination marking by an appropriate firing sequence. Sensor, actuator and process faults in the plant are modeled based on four types of faulty transitions. Depending on the characteristics of the faults, two approaches are proposed to handle the faults. The tracking control problem is realized by solving two integer linear programming problems. This two-step approach reduces the computational effort significantly. Faults are taken into account as constraints and by adapting the firing sequence. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the proposed fault-tolerant tracking control approach.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Leon Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

The relationship of IGE receptor topography to signaling activity in RBL-2H3 mast cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
J.R. Pfeiffer ◽  
J.C. Seagrave ◽  
C. Wofsy ◽  
J.M. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Scattered Electron ◽  
Ige Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Ige Binding ◽  
Electron Imaging ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In RBL-2H3 rat leukemic mast cells, crosslinking IgE-receptor complexes with anti-IgE antibody leads to degranulation. Receptor crosslinking also stimulates the redistribution of receptors on the cell surface, a process that can be observed by labeling the anti-IgE with 15 nm protein A-gold particles as described in Stump et al. (1989), followed by back-scattered electron imaging (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope. We report that anti-IgE binding stimulates the redistribution of IgE-receptor complexes at 37“C from a dispersed topography (singlets and doublets; S/D) to distributions dominated sequentially by short chains, small clusters and large aggregates of crosslinked receptors. These patterns can be observed (Figure 1), quantified (Figure 2) and analyzed statistically. Cells incubated with 1 μg/ml anti-IgE, a concentration that stimulates maximum net secretion, redistribute receptors as far as chains and small clusters during a 15 min incubation period. At 3 and 10 μg/ml anti-IgE, net secretion is reduced and the majority of receptors redistribute rapidly into clusters and large aggregates.

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