scholarly journals The role of spatial policy tools protecting the space as a public good

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (146) ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
Paweł MICKIEWICZ ◽  
◽  
Maciej J. NOWAK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Management System ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
Spatial Policy

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to indicate functions that spatial policy tools at local level 10 should fulfill while protecting the space understood as a public good. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is of a review nature, but it refers to results of conducted research, included in the context of public goods. Findings: The area of communes covered by local plans is varied and very often depends on random circumstances from the perspective of the main spatial policy framework. The above illustrates diverse conditions, in which spatial conflicts may occur. Factors that should theoretically play an ordering role actually bring much more chaos. Therefore, the behavior of communal authorities in the implementation of spatial policy is contained in the sphere of impacts difficult to clearly predict, about which E. Ostrom mentioned. Social implications: In the context of current problems occurring in the spatial management system, it is worth developing the approach to space as a public good. This will help to adapt the approaches and characteristics of public goods to the current conditions of spatial management system and optimal role of spatial policy tools. Originality/value: This paper defines the roles of spatial policy tools protecting the space understood as a public good. Space protection in this approach must be implemented through specific spatial policy tools. The paper verifies the real scope of such protection. An attempt was made to translate approaches and dilemmas regarding public goods into conditions related to the spatial management system.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous groups cooperate in public good problems despite normative disagreements about individual contribution levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Otten ◽  
Vincent Buskens ◽  
Wojtek Przepiorka ◽  
Naomi Ellemers
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
The Public ◽  
Heterogeneous Groups ◽  
Good Provision ◽  
Good Individual

Abstract Norms can promote human cooperation to provide public goods. Yet, the potential of norms to promote cooperation may be limited to homogeneous groups in which all members benefit equally from the public good. Individual heterogeneity in the benefits of public good provision is commonly conjectured to bring about normative disagreements that harm cooperation. However, the role of these normative disagreements remains unclear because they are rarely directly measured or manipulated. In a laboratory experiment, we first measure participants’ views on the appropriate way to contribute to a public good with heterogeneous returns. We then use this information to sort people into groups that either agree or disagree on these views, thereby manipulating group-level disagreement on normative views. Participants subsequently make several incentivized contribution decisions in a public goods game with peer punishment. We find that although there are considerable disagreements about individual contribution levels in heterogeneous groups, these disagreements do not impede cooperation. While cooperation is maintained because low contributors are punished, participants do not use punishment to impose their normative views on others. The contribution levels at which groups cooperate strongly relate to the average normative views of these groups.

scholarly journals Measures Implemented by Local Authorities, Particularly in the Sphere of Spatial Policy, and Its Impact on Setting Up and Developing Companies – Opinions Comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-318
Author(s):  
Izabela Rogalska ◽  
Renata Marks-Bielska
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Spatial Resources

AbstractResearch background: The development of business on a local level depends on a variety of factors, which as is often the case are shaped by the local authorities. An example of activities carried out by local governments in order to help develop businesses is the management of the spatial resources in a given municipality in such a way as to facilitate starting and developing companies.Purpose: The principal objective of this study has been to identify how local authorities and businessmen perceive the role of conditions associated with the municipality’s spatial policy in terms of starting and conducting a business.Research methodology: The research results rely on primary data acquired by conducting a survey based on a questionnaire designed by the authors.Results: The results permitted to demonstrate differences and similarities among the opinions of our respondents concerning factors linked to the spatial policy of a municipality that have an impact on decisions to set up and develop companies. Among the location factors, the most important ones, according to both local governments and businessmen, were the state of the local infrastructure, such as IT, transportation, communication, waterworks and sewers, power supply.Novelty: The confrontation of the replies provided by local authorities and by entrepreneurs concerns spatial policy, and the territorial scope of the research covering the whole of Poland, the different types of enterprises from various branches are the innovative element of the study.

scholarly journals Classroom Games: Voluntary Provision of a Public Good

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A Holt ◽  
Susan K Laury
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Fund Raising ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Public ◽  
Voluntary Provision ◽  
Good Problem

This paper describes a simple public goods game, implemented with playing cards in a classroom setup. Students choose whether to contribute to the provision of a public good in a situation where it is privately optimal not to contribute, but socially optimal to contribute fully. This exercise motivates discussion of altruism, strategies for private fund-raising, and the role of government in resolving the public good problem.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic and Financial Policies for Climate Change Mitigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (185) ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Krogstrup ◽  
William Oman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Policy Tools ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Low Carbon Economy

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of this century. Mitigation requires a large-scale transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides an overview of the rapidly growing literature on the role of macroeconomic and financial policy tools in enabling this transition. The literature provides a menu of policy tools for mitigation. A key conclusion is that fiscal tools are first in line and central, but can and may need to be complemented by financial and monetary policy instruments. Some tools and policies raise unanswered questions about policy tool assignment and mandates, which we describe. The literature is scarce, however, on the most effective policy mix and the role of mitigation tools and goals in the overall policy framework.

scholarly journals Ex-citable accounting and the development of pervasive innovation

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana Revellino ◽  
Jan Mouritsen
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Calculative Practices

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the role of the performativity theory for understanding how the calculative instruments of accounting provoke innovation and participate in the generation of values by activating processes that pervade everything rather than being limited to categorical spaces. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on Judith Butler’s work and her notion of excitability to explain how multiple values may arise when accounting interacts with innovation. Through this lens, accounting, as a language based on signs, can be theorised as an ex-citable force involved in provoking and transforming innovation and its associated values, notably beyond innovators’ initial intentions. Thus, innovation is not a stable object but a pervasive movement diffusing multiple values. Findings By introducing the notion of pervasiveness, the paper argues that even if values can be imagined ab origine, they may not be contractible to a plan. The calculative instruments of accounting provoke innovation and participate in the generation of value(s) by activating processes that pervade everything rather than being limited to categorical spaces. In the course of this pervasive process, innovations, which are born to develop private interests, can possibly generate public goods. Originality/value The notion of pervasiveness the paper advances is used to challenge the division between business and social innovation. It well expresses the effects that ex-citable calculative practices put in place when interacting with innovation. It suggests that it is only possible to create productions – to assemble things – in ongoing processes, and the value(s) produced in such movements are always evolving and multiple. However, in this sense, they are social.

scholarly journals Siderophores drive invasion dynamics in bacterial communities through their dual role as public good versus public bad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre R. T. Figueiredo ◽  
Oezhan Oezkaya ◽  
Rolf Kuemmerli ◽  
Jos Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Invasion Dynamics ◽  
Public Bads ◽  
Invasion Assays

Microbial invasions can compromise ecosystem services and spur dysbiosis and disease in hosts. Nevertheless, the mechanisms determining invasion outcomes often remain unclear. Here, we examine the role of iron-scavenging siderophores in driving invasions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into resident communities of environmental pseudomonads. Siderophores can be 'public goods' by delivering iron to individuals possessing matching receptors; but they can also be 'public bads' by withholding iron from competitors lacking these receptors. Accordingly, siderophores should either promote or impede invasion, depending on their dual effects on invader and resident growth. Using supernatant feeding and invasion assays, we show that invasion success indeed decreased when the invader was inhibited (public bad) rather than stimulated (public good) by the residents' siderophores. Conversely, invasion success often increased when the invader could use its siderophore to inhibit the residents. Our findings identify siderophores as a major driver of invasion dynamics in bacterial communities.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Location Factors of Businesses by Local Authorities of Eastern Poland, with a Particular Emphasis on Spatial Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Serocka
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Active Implementation ◽  
Economic Assets ◽  
Relevant Factors

Abstract Conditions underlying the undertaking and developing of a business enterprise in a specific location are strictly connected to the state and any possible modifications of the spatial management in a given area, and the local government of every municipality is obliged to ensure spatial order and to manage the land resources so as to take into account their economic assets. The main purpose of this study was to identify the role of a variety of relevant factors as well as the activities performed by local governments in eastern Poland that arise from with the local policy of a municipality, the smallest unit in Poland’s administrative division, in connection with the location of business enterprises. The research enabled us to determine what activities in the domain of spatial policy are implemented by local governments and what role they play in the enhancement of economic values of a municipality. The results also helped to indicate which spatial policy factors lose and which gain importance in the context of conducting a business activity. The most important factor in terms of the location a business investment in a given area is the active implementation of the municipality’s spatial policy. The factor that gains the highest importance in the eyes of entrepreneurs is the condition of technical infrastructure.

scholarly journals The contribution of prosecutors to the failure of damage claims of victims in war crimes trials at the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Sc. Goran Šimić ◽  
MA. Ena Kazić
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
War Crimes ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
War Crimes Trials ◽  
Damage Claims

According to definition and laws, the role of the prosecutor is to represent public goods. In the cases of war crimes, that public good is not exhausted with criminal prosecution of the perpetrators of the criminal offences, but it also covers reparation of the damage to the victims. This is not part of the judiciary praxis of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Although there is a clear obligation to collect evidence that would support damage claims of the victims as prescribed in the Criminal Procedure Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CPCBH), in reality prosecutors fail to fulfill this obligation. In few cases, settled before the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the court had awarded compensation to the victims of war crimes, merits for that are to be given to the victims who have, on their own initiative and with their own limited resources, hired attorneys and other experts who acted as prosecutors. To prevent this from happening in the future, having in mind hundreds of potential pending cases (with thousands of victims) waiting for trial, this practice needs to be changed. In that way, although mostly only declaratory in nature in criminal codes and during war crimes trials, more “realistic” and “humane” justice could be achieved for those directly affected by these crimes.

scholarly journals Inequality, role reversal and cooperation in multiple group membership settings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Lange ◽  
Jan Schmitz ◽  
Claudia Schwirplies
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Role Reversal ◽  
Global Public Good ◽  
Local Public Good ◽  
The Public ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Income Disparities

AbstractWe investigate the role of endowment inequality in a local and global public goods setting with multiple group membership and examine the effect of temporal role reversal on cooperation decisions. Subjects can contribute to a global public good which benefits all subjects and two local public goods which benefit only subjects of either their own group or the group of the other endowment type. Endowment inequality per-se decreases contributions of subjects with a high endowment to the global public good, but increases cooperation of subjects with a low endowment on their local public good, thereby aggravating income disparities. Exogenously induced role reversal for several periods affects cooperation behavior of subjects with a high endowment positively and induces them to contribute more to the global good. Cooperation in unequal environments thus appears to be more stable when all parties have experienced the public goods game from the disadvantageous perspective.

On the Essence and Tipology of International Public Goods

2005 ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
V. Mortikov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
Club Goods ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
International Public Goods ◽  
Regional Public Goods ◽  
Joint Products

The basic properties of international public goods are analyzed in the paper. Special attention is paid to the typology of international public goods: pure and impure, excludable and nonexcludable, club goods, regional public goods, joint products. The author argues that social construction of international public good depends on many factors, for example, government economic policy. Aggregation technologies in the supply of global public goods are examined.

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