scholarly journals APPLICATIONS OF TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM ON THE OPTIMAL SIGHTSEEING ORDERS OF MACAO WORLD HERITAGE SITES WITH REAL TIME OR DISTANCE VALUES BETWEEN EVERY PAIR OF SITES

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Kin Neng Tong ◽  
Iat In Fong ◽  
In Iat Li ◽  
Chi Him Anthony Cheng ◽  
Soi Chak Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Optimal Route ◽  
Large Space ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

The optimal route of sightseeing orders for visiting every Macao World Heritage Site at exactly once was calculated with Simulated Annealing and Metropolis Algorithm (SAMA) after considering real required time or traveling distance between pairs of sites by either driving a car, taking a bus, or on foot. We found out that, with the optimal tour path, it took roughly 78 minutes for driving a car, 115 minutes on foot, while 117 minutes for taking a bus. On the other hand, the optimal total distance for driving a car would be 13.918 km while for pedestrians to walk, 7.844 km. These results probably mean that there is large space for the improvement on public transportation in this city. Comparison of computation time demanded between the brute- force enumeration of all possible paths and SAMA was also presented, together with animation of the processes for the algorithm to find out the optimal route. It is expected that computation time is astronomically increasing for the brute-force enumeration with more number of sites, while it only takes SAMA much less order of magnitude in time to calculate the optimal solution for larger number of sites. Several optimal options of routes were also provided in each transportation method. However, it is possible that in some types of transportation there could be only one optimal route having no circular or mirrored duplicates.

The development of legal framework for the management of World Heritage Sites in Oman: a case study on Bahla Oasis

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ali Mohamed Khalil ◽  
Eman Hanye Mohamed Nasr
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Heritage Management ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Content Type ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
Heritage Legislation

PurposeThe study aims to analyze the development of Omani heritage legislation against the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (WHC), 1972 and WHC Operational Guidelines (WHC-OGs) to predict the possible effects of the recent developments on the management of the World Heritage Site in Oman.Design/methodology/approachThis study discusses the development of the heritage protection legislation in Sultanate of Oman since 1970; it analyses the Omani Cultural Heritage Law 35/2019 against the recommendations of the UNESCO WHC as well as the requirements of the World Heritage Operational Guidelines. Moreover, the research investigates the possible effects of the recent heritage legislation developments on the management of Bahla Fort and Oasis in Oman, which is the first Omani World Heritage Site and the only site with special management regulations.FindingsThe paper outlines the effects of both the Omani Cultural Heritage Law 35/2019 and the Special Management Regulations 81/2019 on the implementation of the Bahla Management Plan. Additionally, the research establishes how the customization of heritage legislation as a special heritage management regulation facilitates the implementation of national legislation to solve specific local problems.Originality/valueThe study establishes the significance of developing comprehensive legislation to protect and manage the rich Omani cultural heritage and World Heritage Sites in alignment with the WHC and the WHC-OGs.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Historic Towns’ Outstanding Universal Value Based on the Interchange of Human Values They Exhibit

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1874-1891
Author(s):  
Abdel Tawab
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Human Values ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Outstanding Universal Value

Influences exerted by cultural heritage properties on developments in architecture, town planning, or landscape design represent one of the criteria that are used to evaluate the Outstanding Universal Value of the properties nominated for listing as World Heritage Sites, which is criterion (ii). In 1996, the wording of criterion (ii) was revised to address the interchange of human values exhibited by cultural heritage properties. The main aim of this study was to discuss the changes that occurred to the application of criterion (ii) following the revision of its wording of 1996, particularly in relation to historic towns. The study also aimed at investigating the applicability of the revised version of criterion (ii) to the particularity of the cultural heritage of an Egyptian historic town and a potential World Heritage Site, which is “Historic quarters and monuments of Rosetta/Rachid”. To achieve these aims, a sample of World Heritage Sites, or potential ones, representing both the pre-1996 and the post-1996 historic towns whose Outstanding Universal Value was justified based on criterion (ii), was adopted for the analysis of the changes in the application of criterion (ii). Subsequently, a brief preview of the major features that represent the mutual influences experienced throughout Rosetta’s wider cultural context was carried out. The findings revealed that the prevalent trend in the post-1996 listings of historic towns is the emphasis on other cultures’ influences exerted on the concerned historic towns through interchanges of human values that take the form of exchanges of technical know-how, traditions and religious values. The findings also indicated the applicability of the revised version of criterion (ii) to the particularity of Rosetta’s cultural heritage. The study recommends inscribing Rosetta on the World Heritage List based on criterion (ii).

scholarly journals EVOLVING TECHNIQUES OF DOCUMENTATION OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN LAHORE

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W5 ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Arif ◽  
K. Essa
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Heritage Conservation ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Architectural Drawings ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site

Lahore is an ancient, culturally rich city amidst which are embedded two world heritage sites. The state of historic preservation in the country is impoverished with a dearth of training and poor documentation skills, thus these monuments are decaying and in dire need of attention. The Aga Khan Cultural Service - Pakistan is one of the first working in heritage conservation in the country. AKCSP is currently subjecting the UNESCO World Heritage site of the Mughal era Lahore Fort to an intensive and multi-faceted architectural documentation process. This is presented here as a case study to chart the evolution of documentation techniques and enunciate the spectrum of challenges faced in the documentation of an intricate Mughal heritage site for conservation in the Pakistani context.<br><br> 3D - laser scanning is used for the purpose of heritage conservation for the first time, and since has been utilised on heritage buildings and urban fabric in ongoing projects. These include Lahore Fort, Walled city of Lahore as well as the Baltit Fort, a project restored in the past, assisting in the maintenance of conserved buildings. The documentation team is currently discovering the full potential of this technology especially its use in heritage conservation simultaneously overcoming challenges faced. Moreover negotiating solutions to auto-generate 2D architectural drawings from the 3D pointcloud output. The historic architecture is juxtaposed with contemporary technology in a region where such a combination is rarely found. The goal is to continually develop the documentation methodologies whilst investigating other technologies in the future.

scholarly journals Managing congestion at visitor hotspots using park-level use level data: Case study of a Chinese World Heritage site

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hui Guo ◽  
Tian Guo ◽  
Kai-Miao Lin ◽  
Yu-Fai Leung ◽  
Qiu-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Monitoring Technologies

AbstractTourist congestion at hot spots has been a major management concern for UNESCO World Heritage Sites and other iconic protected areas. A growing number of heritage sites employ technologies, such as cameras and electronic ticket-checking systems, to monitor user levels, but data collected by these monitoring technologies are often under-utilize. In this study, we illustrated how to integrate data from hot spots by camera-captured monitoring and entrance counts to manage use levels at a World Heritage Site in southeastern China. 6,930 photos of a congestion hotspot (scenic outlook on a trail) were collected within the park at a 10-minute interval over 105 days from January to November 2017. The entrance counts were used to predict daily average and maximum use level at the hotspot Average use level at the congestion hotspot did not exceed the use limit mandated by the Chinese park administration agency. However, from 9:20 am to 12:00 pm, the use level at hotspots exceeded visitor preferred use level. Visitor use level was significantly higher at the hotspot during a major Chinese “golden week” holiday. The daily entrance counts significantly predicted the average and maximum use level at the hotspot. Based on our findings, we recommend that the number of visitors entering the gate on each day should be less than 28,764 for the hotspots to meet use level mandates, while less than 6,245 to meet visitor preference. The gap manifested the complexity in visitor capacity management at high-use World Heritage Sites and other protected areas and calls for innovative monitoring and management strategies.

scholarly journals MASALAH DALAM PENGELOLAAN KOTA LAMA SEMARANG SEBAGAI NOMINASI SITUS WARISAN DUNIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Ardiana Yuli Puspitasari ◽  
Wa Ode Sitti Khasana Ramli
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Old City

World Heritage Sites is a term addressed to special places such as national parks, forests, mountains, lakes, deserts, buildings, complexes, regions, rural and cities that have been nominated by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Sciencetific, and Cultural Organization) for the International World Heritage program. The Old City of Semarang in 2016 has entered as one of the nominees of World Heritage Site and until now is in the process of submitting terms to become World Heritage Site. One of the important things that need to be done in the process is to identify and inventory the problems to be handled immediately. The purpose of this research is to find the problems in the management of the Old City of Semarang so that it can be handled and anticipated. The research method used is qualitative rationalistic with empirical approach. The results of this research are the problems that occur in the Old Town of Semarang is quite complex and diverse, among others: 1) environmental problems, namely prone to natural disasters (rob floods and puddles), high traffic volume causes pollution of fading and vibration , the unavailability of public transportation "ngetem" space, lack of provision of infrastructure and facilities and open green spaces; 2) building problems, ie there are still vacant buildings that have not been utilized properly, the building owner / user neglect, the utilization of buildings that are inconsistent with preservation rules, and the lack of maintenance of buildings; 3) social problems, that is the existence of homeless / homeless who occupy abandoned buildings, street vendors, excessive tourist attraction and crime; 4) governance issues, namely lack of clarity of tupoksi and authority of Semarang City Old Town, lack of coordination among stakeholders, and less implementation of RTBL policy regulation of Kota Lama Semarang (Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2003)Keywords: problem, management, site, heritage, worldWorld Heritage Sites atau Situs Warisan Dunia merupakan istilah yang ditujukan kepada tempat khusus seperti taman nasional, hutan, pegunungan, danau, gurun pasir, bangunan, kompleks, wilayah, pedesaan, dan kota yang telah dinominasikan oleh UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Sciencetific, and Cultural Organization) untuk program Warisan Dunia Internasional. Kota Lama Semarang pada tahun 2016 sudah masuk sebagai salah satu nominasi World Heritage Site dan sampai dengan saat ini sedang berproses untuk pengajuan syarat-syarat menjadi World Heritage Site. Salah satu hal penting yang perlu dilakukan dalam proses tersebut adalah mengindentifikasi dan menginventarisasi permasalahan agar bisa segera ditangani.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan permasalahan-permasalahan dalam pengelolaan Kota Lama Semarang sehingga bisa segera ditangani dan diantisipasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif rasionalistik dengan pendekatan empiris. Hasil yang ditemukan dari penelitian ini adalah permasalahan yang terjadi di Kawasan Kota Lama Semarang cukup kompleks dan beragam, antara lain: 1) masalah lingkungan, yaitu rawan terhadap bencana alam (banjir rob dan genangan), volume lalu lintas yang tinggi menyebabkan polusi udaran dan getaran, belum tertatanya ruang “ngetem” angkutan umum, kurangnya penyediaan infrastruktur dan fasilitas serta ruang terbuka hijau; 2) masalah bangunan, yaitu masih terdapat bangunan-bangunan kosong terlancar dan belum dimanfaatkan dengan tepat, pembiaran bangunan oleh pemilik/pengguna, pemanfaatan bangunan yang tidak sesuai dengan kaidah pelestarian, dan kurangnya perawatan bangunan; 3) masalah sosial, yaitu masih adanya gelandangan/tuna wisma yang menempati bangunan-bangunan terlantar, pedagang kaki lima, tarikan wisata yang berlebihan dan kriminalitas; 4) masalah tata kelola, yaitu kurang jelasnya tupoksi dan kewenangan pengelola Kawasan Kota Lama Semarang, kurangnya koordinasi antar stakeholder, dan kurang implementatif peraturan kebijakan RTBL Kota Lama Semarang (Perda No. 8 tahun 2003).Kata kunci: masalah, pengelolaan, situs, warisan, dunia

scholarly journals Foreign Tourists in World Heritage Sites: A Motivation-Based Segmentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Menor-Campos ◽  
Jesús Claudio Pérez-Gálvez ◽  
Amalia Hidalgo-Fernández ◽  
Tomás López-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Visitor Satisfaction ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
The City

The inclusion on the lists published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)—World Heritage Site (WHS), Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), and World Heritage Sites in Danger—suggests, first of all, the acknowledgement of something worth protecting and, secondly, an increase in the strength of tourist attraction to the affected destination, especially among specific visitors. The identification and classification of tourists that are seen to be more interested in heritage is the stated aim of this work, based on models already proposed in the scientific literature. For this purpose, a survey was conducted that interviewed a representative sample of international tourists visiting the city of Córdoba. A multi-variant technique of case-cluster was applied. In addition, a discriminant analysis was used to validate the clusters of the cases obtained. For analyzing the differences between the different groups obtained, some non-parametrical statistical procedures were applied. The results obtained allowed for the visualization of a model that shows the empirical evidence regarding the presence of four types of foreign tourists that are considered valid for segmentation in the city of Córdoba as a WHS tourist destination: the alternative tourist, emotional tourist, cultural tourist, and heritage tourist. These results allow public and private managers to design specific strategies to increase visitor satisfaction.

scholarly journals Estimating the Preservation Value of World Heritage Site Using Contingent Valuation Method: The Case of the Li River, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meilan Jin ◽  
Yuxian Juan ◽  
Youngjoon Choi ◽  
Choong-Ki Lee
Keyword(s):  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Hypothetical Bias ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Preservation Value

World Heritage Sites (WHSs) play an important role in sustaining community identity and enhancing local economic development through tourism. Although the Li River was designated as a WHS in 2014, severe damage to its ecosystem and environmental problems have been reported in recent years. Thus, the purpose of this study is to estimate residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the preservation of the Li River using a contingent valuation method. Moreover, a two-stage approach using hypothetical and real setting scenarios was utilized to reduce a hypothetical bias and overvaluation. Logit models were used to estimate the preservation value and compare factors influencing WTP between the hypothetical and real scenarios. The results of this study support the usefulness of a two-stage approach to avoid hypothetical bias and estimate a realistic preservation value. In the real setting scenario, WTP was 144.66–163.90 Yuan (USD 20.83–23.60) per capita per year, and the aggregate value was 721–818 million Yuan (USD 104–118 million) depending on mean WTP and truncated WTP. The study findings provide useful implication to support government’s fund and sustainable efforts to preserve the Li River.

Forms of government and local community participation in the management of cultural World Heritage sites in Southeast Asia | รูปแบบของรัฐกับการมีส่วนร่วมของชุมชนท้องถิ่นในการจัดการแหล่งมรดกโลกทาง วัฒนธรรม ในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vithaya Arporn ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Local Community ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural World

This paper studied the management of three World Heritage sites in 3 countries of Southeast Asia : Malaysia, Laos, and Thailand. The results of this research show that a decentralized form of government in Southeast Asia provides opportunities for local communities to develop better participation in the World Heritage site management than the centralized forms of government. For local communities to contribute to the World Heritage philosophy, it is necessary to improve both the conceptual and practical aspects of the World Heritage Committee, Advisory organizations, and State Parties. They have to learn lessons and agree to work closely together. บทความนี้เลือกศึกษาการจัดการแหล่งมรดกโลกจำานวน 3 แหล่งในประเทศมาเลเซีย ลาว และไทย โดยใช้วิธีการ สำารวจเอกสาร ผลการศึกษาพบว่า รูปแบบของรัฐในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ที่กระจายอำานาจจะเปิดโอกาสให้ ชุมชนท้องถิ่นสามารถพัฒนาการมีส่วนร่วมในการจัดการแหล่งมรดกโลกได้ดีกว่ารูปแบบรัฐที่รวบอำานาจ การที่จะ ให้ชุมชนท้องถิ่นมีส่วนร่วมตามปรัชญาของมรดกโลกจึงจะต้องปรับปรุงทั้งในส่วนของกรอบคิดและการปฏิบัติทั้งใน ส่วนของคณะกรรมการมรดกโลก องค์กรที่ปรึกษา และรัฐภาคี โดยต้องสรุปบทเรียนและยอมรับร่วมกันอย่างใกล้ ชิด

NATIONAL AND WORLD HERITAGE AS A FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
O. Beidyk ◽  
B. Semenko
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
The World

The article analyzes the hierarchy of fundamental world recreational and tourist resources. The qualitative-quantitative characteristics, the spatial distribution of UNESCO objects and the systematized data are presented. The structure of the UNESCO World Heritage sites is analyzed. Created schematic map of the structure and territorial distribution of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ukraine. The advantages obtained by states when making their objects to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites are established. It is indicated that it contributes to the organization of monitoring and control of the state of conservation of natural and cultural objects. It is emphasized that UNESCO objects fall into the tourist guides of the world, and hence to the proposed routes of travel agencies. The factors that determine the presence of UNESCO objects in the country were analyzed. The geographic distribution of UNESCO World Heritage sites in the world and Ukraine is analyzed. The geographical distribution of the objects “Seven Wonders of Ukraine”, which were selected during the all-Ukrainian contest, was highlighted. An analysis of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ukraine was conducted, their preliminary list. The attention is focused on the fact that the entry into the national list of intangible heritage in Ukraine is a necessary step for the objects to obtain the status of the “intangible heritage of UNESCO. The objects, which are included in the national list of intangible heritage in Ukraine, are analyzed. The map “The most significant recreational and tourist resources of Ukraine” was developed. It is noted that four of the seven Ukrainian objects of the UNESCO World Heritage Site are entirely within the territory of Ukraine. The remaining 3 objects are partly in the territory of other states. It was indicated that during the time of cooperation with the Organization Ukraine initiated many international programs and projects. Seven Ukrainian cultural-architectural and natural objects are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is noted that the large volume of quantitative and qualitative data obtained when selecting UNESCO objects contributes to the formation of informed cultural policies and the integration of culture in the development strategy, thereby contributing to the implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The analysis made it possible to establish that the largest number of UNESCO World Heritage sites is concentrated in the European macroregion, thus Ukrainian entities that are part of the UNESCO World Heritage have to withstand significant competition in attracting international tourist flows. It is stated that the Asian market has the world’s largest tourism industry, and the number of objects of the World Heritage is second only to Europe.

Local community support, attitude and perceived benefits in the UNESCO World Heritage Site

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Hafiz Hanafiah ◽  
Mohd Raziff Jamaluddin ◽  
Agus Riyadi
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site ◽  
George Town

PurposeThis study aims to explore the support and attitudes of the local community together with the benefits of living in the vicinity of George Town UNESCO World Heritage Site. George Town is one of the popular UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachA total of 319 respondents residing in the gazetted area of George Town World Heritage Sites were interviewed. The covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) analysis was conducted to test the study’s hypotheses.FindingsThe community's attitudes and personal benefits were identified to strongly influence community’s support towards the conservation and development of the World Heritage Sites in George Town. While a small number of community members acknowledged the significant opportunities through tourism, majority of them expected economic and non-economic benefits from the development of World Heritage Sites.Practical implicationsThe findings from this study are expected to contribute to the ongoing debate on the perceived effects, benefits and future support of the World Heritage Sites from the local community's perspectives.Social implicationsUnderstanding the behaviour of the local community to create successful tourism planning, especially in delicate heritage destinations.Originality/valueThis study enriches the scarce empirical research study on community’s behaviour living in the vicinity of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, especially in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) region.

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