Comparison of Aerodynamic, Bowen-Ratio, and Penman-Monteith Methods in Estimating Evapotranspiration of Oil Palm Plantation

Oil palm is one important agricultural commodity that has high economic value. Oil palm productivity is significantly influenced by its water use (needs). Measurement and estimation of oil palm evapotranspiration is needed for determination of its water needs. Various methods are available and this study compare three methods, consisting of aerodynamic, Bowen-Ratio and Penman-Monteith methods in analyzing water needs/use of oil palms plantation located in PTPN VI Jambi. Peak of evapotranspiration rate occured in the afternoon around 13.00 and 14.00 local time. Bowen-Ratio method has higher estimation value of evapotranspiration than the other two methods. Ratio between evapotranspiration and global radiation of two and ten-years old oil palm plantations remain similar, around 47%. Penman Monteith method has the nearest estimation value to reference method (aerodynamic method) showed by the smallest RMSE value, 0.087 for two years oil palm and 0.157 for ten-years old oil palm.

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Validated Analytical Spectrofluorimetric Method for Quantitation of Diphenhydramine HCl in Commercial Dosage Forms

Journal of new developments in Chemistry ◽

10.14302/issn.2377-2549.jndc-18-2220 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 12-26

Author(s):

Syed Najmul Hejaz Azmi ◽

Aisha Al-Mahroqi ◽

Khoula Al-Mamari ◽

Shaima Al-Shukaili

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Range ◽

Fluorescence Emission ◽

Reference Method ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Ion Pair ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Eosin Y ◽

Stoichiometric Ratio ◽

Buffer Solution

Diphenhydramine HClis a weakly fluorescent drug having tertiary amine group forming ion pair complex with eosin Y in dichloromethane at pH 5 in disodium hydrogen phosphate-citric acid buffer solution. The complex formation was the basis for the development of new analytical method for determination of active diphenhydramine in pharmaceutical formulations. The stoichiometric ratio between diphenhydramine and eosin Y was studied by mole ratio method and found to be 2:1. The ion-pair complex showed maximum fluorescence emission intensity at 554 nm with excitation at 259 nm. The linear dynamic range was obtained in the concentration range of 2-22 µg mL-1 with a linear equation of FI = 0.361 + 13.675 C. The apparent Gibb’s free energy (ΔGº) was calculated and found to be -80.783 KJ mol-1, confirmed the feasibility of the reaction. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of diphenhydramine HCl in pharmaceutical formulations and in good agreement with the reference method.

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Agricultural Commodity Zakat: Aspects of the Determination of 'Illat Law and Maṣlahah'

ALHURRIYAH Jurnal Hukum Islam (ALHURRIYAH JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC LAW) ◽

10.30983/alhurriyah.v6i1.2696 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Yenni Batubara

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

Economic Value ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Agricultural Commodities ◽

Agricultural Commodity ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

Legal Provisions ◽

The Poor ◽

Agricultural Innovations

Nowadays, agricultural commodities are experiencing rapid growth and development with new agricultural innovations such as grafted plants and cross-breeding plants to more modern agriculture, namely hydroponics. This condition causes the agricultural products able to increase the income of farmers significantly. Agricultural products in Islamic law are one type of property that is obligatory for zakat. However, the arguments governing agricultural zakat only mention some agricultural products that are obligatory on zakat, including Jawawud, Wheat, Dates, and Raisins, so some agricultural commodities are out of the reach in these arguments, so there are no legal provisions. This research aims to see how to determine the legal provisions of zakat on agricultural or plantation commodities. This research is using literature studies method. The results of this study indicate that the product of agricultural commodities that have high economic value are qiyās on the types of fruits and grains that are obligatory for zakat, mentioned in the arguments of the Al-Qur' ān and Sunnah with various characteristics, and the functions it has, so that the provisions of agricultural zakat can be applied in issuing zakat on agricultural commodities. Then in terms of maslahah and maqasid shari'ah, the obligation of zakat on agricultural commodities can help fulfill the needs of the poor in particular, and mustahik zakat in general.<div> Komoditas pertanian dewasa ini mengalami pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang sangat pesat dengan inovasi pertanian yang baru seperti tanaman cangkok, tanaman hasil perkawinan silang hingga pertanian yang lebih modern yaitu hidroponik. Di mana hasil pertanian tersebut mampu meningkatkan penghasilan para petani secara signifikan. Hasil pertanian dalam hukum Islam adalah salah satu jenis harta yang wajib zakat. Tetapi, dali-dalil yang mengatur tentang zakat pertanian hanya menyebutkan beberapa hasil pertanian yang wajib zakat diantaranya, Jawawud, Gandum, Kusrma dan Kismis, maka secara tidak langsung hasil komoditas pertanian tidak tersentuh sama sekali di dalam dalil tersebut sehingga tidak ada ketetapan hukumnya. Tujuan dari penlitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana penentuan ketentuan hukum dari zakat hasil komoditas pertanian atau perkebunan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi literatur. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hasil komoditas pertanian yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi di-qiyās-kan pada jenis buah-buahan dan biji-bijian wajib zakat yang disebutkan dalam dalil-dalil al-Qur’ān dan Sunnah dengan berbagai sifat dan fungsi yang dimilikinya, sehingga ketentuan-ketentuan zakat pertanian dapat diberlakukan dalam mengeluarkan zakat hasil komoditas pertanian. Kemudian dilihat dari segi maslahah dan maqāṣid syarī’ah, kewajiban zakat komoditas pertanian dapat membantu terpenuhinya kebutuhan fakir miskin khususnya, dan mustahik zakat pada umunya. </div>

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Long-term energy balance measurements at three different mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-8076 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Martin Hoelzle ◽

Christian Hauck ◽

Jeannette Noetzli ◽

Cécile Pellet ◽

Martin Scherler

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Bowen Ratio ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Swiss Alps ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Mountain Permafrost ◽

Ice Content

The surface energy balance is one of the most important influencing factors for the ground thermal regime. It is therefore crucial to understand the interactions of the individual heat fluxes at the surface and within the subsurface layers as well as their relative impacts. A unique set of high-altitude meteorological measurements has been analysed to determine the energy balance at three mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps, where data is being collected since the late 1990s in collaboration with the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring (PERMOS). The three stations have a standardized equipment with sensors for four-component radiation, air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction as well as ground temperatures and snow height. The three sites differ considerably by their surface and ground material composition ranging from a coarse blocky active layer above ice supersaturated permafrost at rock glacier Murt&#232;l-Corvatsch to deeply weathered micaceous shales, which are covered by fine grained debris of sandy and silty material with a low ice content at the Northern slope of Schilthorn summit. The third site at the Stockhorn plateau shows intermediate ice contents and heterogeneous surface conditions with medium-size debris, fine grained material and outcropping bedrock. Ice content estimation and general ground characterisation are based on geophysical surveying and borehole drilling.&#160;The energy fluxes are calculated based on around two decades of field measurements. While the determination of the radiation budget and the ground heat flux is comparatively straightforward (by the four-component radiation sensor and thermistor measurements within the boreholes, respectively), larger uncertainties exist for the determination of sensible and latent turbulent heat fluxes. They are therefore determined on the one hand by the bulk aerodynamic method using the bulk Richardson number to describe the stability of the surface layer relating the relative effects of buoyancy to mechanical forces and on the other hand by the bowen ratio method.&#160;Results show that mean air temperature at Murt&#232;l-Corvatsch (1997&#8211;2018, elevation 2600 m asl.) is &#8211;1.66&#176;C and has increased by about 0.7&#176;C during the observation period. The Schilthorn (1999&#8211;2018, elevation 2900 m asl.) site shows a mean air temperature of &#8211;2.48&#176;C with a mean increase of 1.0&#176;C and the Stockhorn (2003&#8211;2018, elevation 3400 m asl.) site shows lower air temperatures with a mean of &#8211;5.99&#176;C with an increase of 0.6&#176;C. Measured net radiation, as the most important energy input at the surface, shows substantial differences with mean values of 33.41 Wm-2 for Murt&#232;l-Corvatsch, 40.65 Wm-2 for Schilthorn and 24.88 Wm-2 for Stockhorn. The calculated turbulent fluxes show values of around 7 to 12 Wm-2 using the bowen ratio method and 8 to 18 Wm-2 using the bulk method at all sites. Large differences are observed regarding the energy used for melting of the snow cover: at Schilthorn a value of 12.41 Wm-2, at Murt&#232;l-Corvatsch of 7.31 Wm-2 and at Stockhorn of 3.46 Wm-2 is calculated reflecting the differences in snow height at the three sites.

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Determination of heat losses for sections of main heat pipelines using the reference method

Journal of Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.15407/pmach2017.01.022 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

O. Tsakanyan ◽

◽

V. Goloshchapov ◽

S. Koshel ◽

N. Ganzha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Method ◽

Heat Losses

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Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Glibenclamide by Ion-Pair Complex in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulation

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.v9i3.20 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (o3) ◽

Author(s):

RUAA MUAYAD MAHMOOD ◽

HAMSA MUNAM YASSEN ◽

SAMAR , NAJWA ISSAC ABDULLA AHMED DARWEESH ◽

NAJWA ISSAC ABDULLA

Keyword(s):

Spectrophotometric Method ◽

Molar Absorptivity ◽

Ion Pair ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulation ◽

Ratio Method ◽

Colored Complex ◽

Colored Product ◽

Method Of Continuous Variation ◽

Job's Method

Simple, rapid and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric method is presented for the determination of glibenclamide (Glb) based on the formation of ion-pair complex between the Glb and anionic dye, methyl orange (MO) at pH 4. The yellow colored complex formed was quantitatively extracted into dichloromethane and measured at 426 nm. The colored product obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of (0.5-40) μg.ml-1. The value of molar absorptivity obtained from Beer’s data was found to be 31122 L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandell’s sensitivity value was calculated to be 0.0159 μg.cm-2, while the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.1086 and 0.3292 μg.ml-1, respectively. The stoichiometry of the complex created between the Glb and MO was 1:1 as determined via Job’s method of continuous variation and mole ratio method. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulation.

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