scholarly journals Rubella infection: Advances and challenges in the diagnosis and prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 006-013
Author(s):  
Vueba Amélia Nkutxi ◽  
do Céu Sousa Maria
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
The World ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

Rubella remains an important pathogen worldwide, with many cases of congenital rubella syndrome per year. Rubella vaccination is included in the vaccination program of many countries. WHO has set goals for the elimination of measles and rubella and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome by 2020. Worldwide, the rubella vaccine is highly effective and safe, and as a result, endemic rubella transmission has been halted in the Americas since 2009. Incomplete rubella vaccination programs result in continuous disease transmission, as evidenced by major recent outbreaks in some countries around the world. In this review, we present the rubella control, elimination and eradication policies and a brief review of the rubella laboratory diagnosis.

scholarly journals Anti-Rubella IgM status in antenatal checkup visiting women

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
KP KC ◽  
S Malla ◽  
P Ghimire ◽  
SP Khanal ◽  
SP Dumre
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Health Research Council ◽  
Adult Immunization ◽  
Standard Operating Protocol

Background: Rubella is a viral infection. Congenital rubella syndrome is the most serious consequences of rubella which has been observed in pregnant women. This study has been done to reveal the association of rubella infection in women. Methods: The serum specimens were collected from women during their regular antenatal check up, in, was included in the study. Specimens were tested at NPHL every week following standard operating protocol of NPHL utilizing Human ELISA (German) kits and reagents. The results of the tests along with the clinical histories collected from the patient on a proforma file carried by the patients were analyzed following standard statistical tools. Results: During the three years study period, 320 serum samples were collected in 2006, 372 in 2007 and 400 in 2008, out of which 38 (11.87%), 72 (19.35%) and 49 (12.25%) of the women visiting NPHL during their antenatal checkup were found positive to anti-rubella IgM antibody respectively, indicating recent infection. Almost above 80% of the positive cases were from age group 20-30 years. Conclusions: The study showed the significant association of recent rubella infection in women which emphasizes requirement of adolescent or adult immunization with rubella vaccine at the earliest. Key words: anti-rubella IgM; congenital rubella syndrome; pregnant women; rubella. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3010 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 76-79

scholarly journals Awareness and Factors Associated with Health Care Worker’s Knowledge on Rubella Infection: A Study after the Introduction of Rubella Vaccine in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolas A.S. Chotta ◽  
Melina Mgongo ◽  
Jacqueline G. Uriyo ◽  
Sia E. Msuya ◽  
Babill Stray-Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

Background Congenital rubella syndrome is a global health problem. The incidence is much higher in Africa and Southeast Asia than the rest of the world, especially in countries where universal rubella vaccination has not been implemented. Healthcare worker’s knowledge on rubella infection and the rubella vaccine is of utmost importance in achieving and maintaining vaccination coverage targets. This study aimed to assess health care workers knowledge on rubella infection in Kilimanjaro Tanzania, after the introduction of a rubella vaccination. Methods This was a health facility-based cross sectional study. It was conducted in three districts of the Kilimanjaro region between August and October 2016. The study involved eligible health care workers in selected health facilities. An interview guide was used for collecting information by face-to-face interviews. Multivariate analysis was used to assess factors associated with rubella knowledge among healthcare workers. Results A total of 126 health care workers were interviewed. An acceptable level of knowledge was considered if all five questions about rubella were correctly answered. Only 26.4% (n = 31) answered all questions correctly. In multivariate analysis education level and working department were predictors of rubella knowledge; health care workers with an advanced diploma had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 7.7 (95% Confidence interval; CI: 1.4, 41.0), those with a university degree (AOR: 10; 95% CI: 2.4; 42.5) and health care workers in the outpatient department (AOR: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.04; 0.29). Conclusions Our study confirmed that health care worker’s knowledge on rubella infection was low in the areas where rubella vaccination had been introduced. We recommend continuous education and supportive supervision post vaccine introduction in order to increase healthcare worker’s knowledge on rubella infection, congenital rubella syndrome and prevention through sustained high vaccination coverage.

scholarly journals Rubella infection in pregnancy and congenital rubella in United Kingdom, 2003 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoaneta Bukasa ◽  
Helen Campbell ◽  
Kevin Brown ◽  
Helen Bedford ◽  
Mary Ramsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Rubella Infection ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
In Pregnancy

Rubella vaccination has been included in the United Kingdom’s (UK) routine childhood schedule for nearly 30 years. The UK achieved World Health Organization (WHO) elimination status in 2016 and acute rubella infections are rare. In the period 2003–16, 31 rubella infections in pregnancy (0.23 per 100,000 pregnancies) were identified through routine surveillance, of which 26 were in women who were born abroad. Five of the 31 rubella infections led to congenital rubella syndrome in the infant and three had confirmed congenital rubella infection without congenital rubella syndrome. An additional seven babies were identified with congenital rubella syndrome, although rubella infection in pregnancy had not been reported. Place of birth was known for six of these seven mothers, all of whom were born outside the UK, and in five cases maternal infection was acquired abroad. WHO Europe has set targets for measles and rubella elimination and prevention of congenital rubella syndrome by 2015. Vaccination uptake and rubella immunity is high in the UK population and most infections in pregnancy since 2003 were acquired abroad and in unvaccinated women. Every contact with a health professional should be used to check that women are fully immunised according to UK schedule.

scholarly journals Rubella in Poland in 2017

2019 ◽  
pp. 305-310
Author(s):  
Joanna Bogusz ◽  
Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
The World ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

INTRODUCTION. Rubella is the disease subject to the elimination programme coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Generally, rubella is an infection of mild course among children but in the case of pregnant women, who are not immunized, the probability of the occurrence of severe congenital abnormalities (congenital rubella syndrome) may amount to 95%. The strategy of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region is directed to the interruption of the rubella virus transmission in the environment in order to prevent the cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). OBJECTIVES. The aims of the present article are to analyze the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland in 2017 and to discuss the rubella vaccination coverage. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland was analyzed on the basis of publications: “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2017” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2017”. RESULTS. In 2017, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases - with registered 476 cases (in 2016 – 1 105 cases) - and a decline in incidence (from 2.9 per 100 000 to 1.2). The highest incidence rate, regardless of gender and the environment, was observed among children aged 0-4 years (11.8 per 100,000). In 2017, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome were registered. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. In 2017, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland Rubella is reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.

scholarly journals Rubella in Poland in 2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
Joanna Bogusz ◽  
Ewa Augustynowicz ◽  
Iwona Paradowska-Stankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
The World ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

INTRODUCTION. Rubella is the disease subject to the elimination programme coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Generally, rubella is an infection of mild course among children but in the case of pregnant women, who are not immunized, the probability of the occurrence of severe congenital abnormalities (congenital rubella syndrome) may amount to 95%. The strategy of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region is directed to the interruption of the rubella virus transmission in the environment in order to prevent the cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). OBJECTIVES. The aims of the present article are to analyze the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland in 2018 and to discuss the rubella vaccination coverage. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland was analyzed on the basis of publications: “Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2018” and “Vaccinations in Poland in 2018”. RESULTS. In 2018, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases - with registered 437 cases (in 2017 – 476 cases) - and a decline in incidence (from 1.2 per 100 000 to 1.1). The highest incidence rate, regardless of gender and the environment, was observed among children aged 0-4 years (9.8 per 100,000). In 2018, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome were registered. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. In 2018, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland Rubella is reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.

scholarly journals Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Fiji, 1995–2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetalpreet Singh ◽  
Frances Bingwor ◽  
Katherine Tayler-Smith ◽  
Marcel Manzi ◽  
Guy B. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Rubella Vaccination

Setting. A nationwide study in Fiji.Objective. To describe the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and its relationship to the incidence of notified cases of rubella in Fiji from 1995 to 2010.Design. Descriptive, retrospective review of all recorded congenital abnormalities associated with live births in Fiji over 16 years.Results. There were 294 infants who met the criteria for CRS. Of these, 95% were classified as “suspected” cases, 5% were “clinically confirmed,” and none were “laboratory confirmed cases”. There was a significant linear increase over the study period in the incidence of CRS (odds ratio 1.045 per year, 95% CI 1.019 to 1.071,P≤0.001). There was no significant association between the incidence of CRS and the reported incidence of rubella (P=0.3).Conclusion. There is a rising trend in reports of suspected CRS cases in Fiji. This highlights the need to strengthen surveillance for CRS through improvements in clinical and laboratory diagnosis to confirm or exclude suspected cases. It is also important to ensure high coverage of rubella vaccination in Fiji.

Burden of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in Bangladesh: Systematic Review of Existing Literature and Transmission Modelling of Seroprevalence Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-290
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Chan ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
James Wood ◽  
Mohammad Muhit ◽  
Mohammed K. Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Congenital Rubella Syndrome ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
The Impact

Background and Objectives: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable congenital anomalies. Comprehensive country-level data on the burden of CRS in low and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, are scarce. This information is essential for assessing the impact of rubella vaccination programs. We aim to systematically review the literature on the epidemiology of CRS and estimate the burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of existing literature and transmission modelling of seroprevalence studies to estimate the pre-vaccine period burden of CRS in Bangladesh. OVID Medline (1948 – 23 November 2016) and OVID EMBASE (1974 – 23 November 2016) were searched using a combination of the database-specific controlled vocabulary and free text terms. We used an age-stratified deterministic model to estimate the pre-vaccination burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Findings: Ten articles were identified, published between 2000 and 2014, including seven crosssectional studies, two case series and one analytical case-control study. Rubella seropositivity ranged from 47.0% to 86.0% among all age population. Rubella sero–positivity increased with age. Rubella seropositivity among women of childbearing age was 81.0% overall. The estimated incidence of CRS was 0·99 per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to approximately 3,292 CRS cases annually in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The estimated burden of CRS in Bangladesh during the pre-vaccination period was high. This will provide important baseline information to assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of routine rubella immunisation, introduced in 2012 in Bangladesh.

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