scholarly journals No berço da bioética. Encontro de um Credo (V.R. Potter) com um Imperativo (F. Jahr) e um Princípio (H. Jonas)

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (293) ◽  
pp. 50-77
Author(s):  
Leo Pessini
Keyword(s):  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Hans Jonas ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Georgetown University ◽  
Kennedy Institute ◽  
Van Rensselaer Potter ◽  
First Time ◽  
Historical Origins

Este artigo faz uma incursão nas origens históricas da bioética, resgatando três importantes protagonistas. Um mais conhecido e reconhecido, Van Rensselaer Potter, e o outro completamente desconhecido e de quem somente muito recentemente temos notícia: o filósofo, teólogo, pastor e educador Fritz Jahr. Ficamos sabendo que a expressão Bioética foi utilizada pela primeira vez por Fritz Jahr, em 1926 e 1927, num artigo publicado na revista científica Kosmos e intitulado Bioética: uma revisão do relacionamento ético dos humanos em relação aos animais e às plantas. Jahr ampliou o conceito do imperativo kantiano e propõe o imperativo bioético: respeite todo ser vivo como princípio e fim em si mesmo e trate-o, se possível, enquanto tal. O terceiro protagonista é Hans Jonas, que elabora seu princípio da responsabilidade, pensando e elaborando uma ética frente ao crescente domínio da civilização técnico-científica. A expressão Bioéticaganhou certificado de nascimento e consolida-se nos EUA durante os anos 70 e é “exportada” para o mundo, a partir dos anos 80 do século passado, pelos trabalhos de Van Rensselaer Potter e do Instituto Kennedy de Bioética (1971), junto à Georgetown University, em Washington.Abstract: This article attempts an incursion into the historical origins of bioethics and rescues three important protagonists. The first, better known and recognized, is Van Rensselaer Potter; the second one, totally unknown and of whom we have heard only recently, is the philosopher, theologian, pastor and educator, Fritz Jahr. We come to know that the expression Bioethics was used for the first time by Fritz Jahr, in 1926 and 1927, in an article published in the scientific magazine Kosmos under the title Bioethics: A Review of the Ethical Relationships of Humans to Animals and Plants. Jahr extended Kant’s concept of moral imperative and proposed the bioethical imperative: respect every live being, as a beginning and as an end in itself and treat it, if possible, as such. The third protagonist is Hans Jonas, who develops his principle of responsibility, thinking and elaborating a type of ethics to confront the increasing domination of the techno-scientific civilization. The expression Bioethics gained a birth certificate and strengthened itself during the 1970s being exported to the world from the 1980s onwards through the works of Van Rensselaer Potter and the Kennedy Institute of Bioethics (1971) at the Georgetown University in Washington.Keywords: Bioethics. Origin. Van Rensselaer Potter. Fritz Jahr. Hans Jonas.

scholarly journals Bioética: Das origens a alguns desafios contemporâneos

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (264) ◽  
pp. 842
Author(s):  
Leo Pessini
Keyword(s):  
Chief Editor ◽  
Essential Work ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Edition ◽  
Van Rensselaer Potter ◽  
Area Of Study

Na primeira parte deste artigo o autor realça o pioneirismo de Van Rensselaer Potter e faz uma apreciação de sua obra a partir de dois de seus discípulos, Gerald M. Lower e Peter J. Whitehouse. Na segunda, apresenta o desenvolvimento da bioetica a partir das três edições da Encyclopedia of Bioethics e, a partir da última edição (2004), prospecta alguns desafios atuais. Finalmente, na terceira e última parte, resume os últimos desdobramentos a partir dos congressos mundiais de Sidney (2004) e Pequim (2006).Abstract: In the first part of this article the author highlights Van Rensselaer Potter’s pioneering spirit and evaluates his work through the work of his two disciples, Gerald M. Lower and Peter J. Whitehouse. In the second part, he presents the development of bioethics as discussed in the three editions of Potter’s essential work, the Encyclopaedia of Bioethics (1978, 1995 and 2004) and on the basis of its most recent edition, and in cooperation with its chief-editor, Stephen Post, he explores some of the current challenges in this area of study. Finally, in the third and last part, the latest developments since the world congresses of Sidney (2004) and Beijing (2006).

Russian Idea, the

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Walicki
Keyword(s):  
Russian History ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Vladimir Solov'ev ◽  
Russian Idea

‘The Russian Idea’ is a term used by Russian thinkers to define specific features of Russian culture, the spiritual make-up of the Russian nation, the meaning of Russian history and, as a rule (although not always), Russia’s unique mission in the universal history of humanity. The term was introduced for the first time in 1861 by Dostoevskii, for whom the essence of the Russian Idea was the ‘universal humanity’ (or ‘all-humanity’) of the Russian spirit. At the same time however, Dostoevskii linked the Russian Idea with Russian imperial messianism. Thus, the notion of the Russian Idea included from its beginning a characteristic tension between striving for universalism and nationalist self-assertion.. The first philosopher to devote a special separate work to the Russian Idea (l’Idée russe, Paris, 1888) was Vladimir Solov’ëv, for whom the national idea was ‘not what a given nation thinks about itself in time, but what God thinks about it in eternity’. He was influenced by Dostoevskii but, challenging Russian nationalists, put much greater emphasis on universalism, stressing that the peculiar greatness of the Russians consisted in their capacity for ‘self-renunciation’. The first case of this self-renunciation was the so-called ‘calling of the Varangians’, that is, the voluntary acceptance of foreign rule; the second was the reforms of Peter the Great: rejection of native traditions for the sake of universal progress. Now the Russian nation should commit itself to the third, most important act of self-renunciation: to submit itself to the authority of the pope, restoring thereby the unity of the Universal Church and bringing about the reconciliation between East and West. But this act of humility was seen by Solov’ëv as a precondition from the fulfilment of Russia’s great mission of creating the universal, freely theocratic Christian Empire. Solov’ëv invoked in this connection the monk Philotheus’ idea of ‘Moscow as the Third Rome’ but reversed its meaning by putting emphasis on symbolic Rome, that is, not on national isolationism and keeping intact the purity of the Orthodox faith, but on ecumenical universalism and the messianic task of the Christian transformation of the world. Owing to Solov’ëv, the term ‘Russian Idea’ came to be applied retrospectively, as a designation of a set of problems characteristic for Russian philosophical discussions about the essence of ‘Russianness’. Most historians agree that these problems were formulated under the reign of Nicholas I and that the first thinker who posed them forcefully was Pëtr Chaadaev.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN PERIOD OF ICON PAINTER P.M. SOFRONOV’S WORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-220
Author(s):  
Tatiyana V. Yurieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Church Art ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The article for the first time gives an analysis of the work of the world famous, but little studied in Russia, Old Believer icon painter and restorer icons Pimen Maksimovich Sofronov in the third, American period. The author systematizes scattered information about his artistic activities in the United States, makes a chronology of the creation of his works during this period, and makes an analysis of them. The description of the temples where P.M. Sofronov worked, and the painting of their interiors, is given for the first time in scientific literature. Analyzing the biographical data and the work of the icon painter in the third, American period, which turned out to be the longest, the author of the article concludes that at this time the quality of the master's work is changing. Since, in Europe, P.M. Sofronov gained the experience of wall painting of churches, now, in North America, he was able to fully realize this side of his talent by making the transition from easel icon painting to monumental painting. Now the researcher's attention has been given to extensive temple complexes, often consisting of both stenographs and iconostases, which have their own specific program. The author interprets the canon in accordance with the architectural space that is provided to him for painting. Each time it is a new theological and artistic task. Having completed such major works as paintings of the interiors of Trinity Cathedral in Brooklyn, the Church of the Three Saints in Ansonia, the Church of Peter and Paul in Syracuse, the Vladimir Church in Trenton, St. Trinity in Weinland, the artist made a significant contribution to the church art of Russian emigration.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and Immune Response in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Demirci ◽  
Özge Ünlü ◽  
Akın Yiğin ◽  
Fadime Yıldız Zeyrek
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
The Third ◽  
Protease Cleavage ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time

SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in Wuhan province of China for the first time in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world, is still causing an epidemic. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus outbreak we encountered after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Due to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, we have gained experience about the pathogenesis and immune responses of coronaviruses. However, studies have shown that, unlike the information derived from our experience, SARS-CoV-2 is both very infectious and its effect on cells is different. Therefore, we aimed to compile the data of the published studies on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting host immune response. In many studies, it has been reported that not only the presence of the host ACE2 receptor is sufficient for the infection of the host cell, but also the cleavage of the structural S protein by proteases should be materialized. It has been shown that, unlike SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it contains different protease cleavage systems and amino acid sequences in the ACE2 receptor binding site. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, as reported in studies conducted up to now, Th1 and Th2-mediated cytokine and chemokine levels in the host are different than SARS-CoV infection, and also different chemokines can be upregulated compared to other CoVs. Considering that effective vaccines have not been developed for the infectious RNA viruses despite the ongoing trials for many years, in order to reveal all these differences in the pathogenesis and immune response process and to develop effective antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 within a short time. the need for comprehensive studies on host immune response is evident.

A new Contribution on the Vascular Flora of Romania

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Culiţă Sîrbu ◽  
Adrian Oprea
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Alien Plants ◽  
Mediterranean Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Indigenous Plant ◽  
Floristic Studies ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pedicularis Sylvatica

Abstract As a result of our field floristic studies in the recent years (2012 and 2013), we recorded some new data on the occurrence and chorology of three vascular plant species in Romania. Two of these are alien plants, invasive in many geographic regions of the world, namely: Acroptilon repens (an Asian species, reported as a newcomer in the flora of Romania, in this paper), and Picris echioides (a Mediterranean species, which is reported now in new localities). The third species, Pedicularis sylvatica, is a quite rare indigenous plant, critically threatened in Romania, reported here for the first time in the flora of Moldavia (eastern Romania).

The Elements and Patterns of Being

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Dimensional Manifold ◽  
Future Contingents ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Metaphysics Of Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
Time’S Arrow

This book collects six influential articles and six previously unpublished essays in metaphysics by Donald C. Williams. The first chapter is a defense of metaphysics. The second chapter is the classic statement of the ontology of abstract particulars or tropes. The third and fourth chapters expound a realist theory of universals based on trope ontology. The fifth is a systematic presentation of actualism—the view that the world is a four-dimensional manifold of actual ‘qualitied contents’. The sixth is an articulation of an objectivist account of necessity and possibility, given actualism and trope ontology. The seventh dispenses with existence because existence is merely the sum of actual existents, as per actualism. Chapters 8–12 expound the four-dimensionalist metaphysics of time in connection with the problems of determinism, fatalism, future contingents, the passage of time, time’s arrow, and time travel. These essays, as ordered by the editor, convey for the first time the systematic vision of Williams’s metaphysics. This book comes with an informative Introduction to the major aspects of Williams’s metaphysics in its historical context.

Choosing to Intervene: US Domestic Politics and Moral Imperatives

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-505
Author(s):  
Roberta Haar ◽  
Lutz F. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractThe end of the Cold War meant fewer constraints on humanitarian intervention, and the third pillar of the nascent R2P norm suggests at least a moral imperative to intervene when another country’s population is threatened. Yet US leaders continue to shy away from protecting innocents outside of the United States from harm — despite the fact that presidential candidates often campaign on restoring America’s moral lead in the world and, in particular, on US responsibilities to avert mass atrocities. This paper investigates the extent to which US military intervention abroad is driven by domestic considerations. Using logistic regression analysis, we aim to explain decisions by Presidents Bush Sr., Clinton and Bush Jr. to send troops into harms way.

scholarly journals Species Diversity in the Leafhopper Genus Batracomorphus Lewis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Iassinae) from Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Yulin Hu ◽  
Lili Gao ◽  
Zihan Han ◽  
Wu Dai
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
The Third ◽  
Qinling Mountain ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
One New Species

The genus Batracomorphus Lewis is the third largest leafhopper genus in the world, with its greatest diversity in the Oriental region. Here, nine species of Batracomorphus, including one new species, are recorded from Shaanxi Province, China, for the first time: B. allionii (Turton), B. clavatus Cai and Shen, B. fletcheri Hu and Dai sp. nov., B. geminatus (Li and Wang), B. juno Knight, B. lateprocessus Li and Wang, B. lunatus Cai and He, B. subfuscus (Li and Wang) and B. pandarus Knight. Among them, B. juno Knight is recorded from China for the first time. One new synonym is revealed: B.nigromarginattus Cai and Shen, 1999 is a junior synonym of B. subfuscus (Li and Wang, 1993). All taxa are described, and photographs of male genitalia are given based on observations of specimens from Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi of China. A key to the species found in Qinling Mountain of Shaanxi is also provided.

Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4899 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-353
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRE SALGADO ◽  
GUSTAVO R.S. RUIZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

The Neotropical genus Marma Simon, 1902 is revised. With exception of the holotype of M. femella (Caporiacco, 1955), which was redescribed in previous work, all the other species of the genus were revised based on their types. The type species, M. baeri Simon, 1902, and M. nigritarsis (Simon, 1900) are redescribed based on newly collected specimens. The third and last species presently listed in the World Spider Catalog, M. femella, is confirmed as valid. Two species presently considered synonyms of M. nigritarsis are revalidated: M. rosea (Mello-Leitão, 1941) and M. argentina (Mello-Leitão, 1941). Two species are synonymized: Thysema dorae Mello-Leitão, 1944, syn. nov. with Ocnotelus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1941 and Paralophostica centralis Soares & Camargo, 1948, syn. nov. with Agelista rosea Mello-Leitão, 1941. Pseudoamphidraus variegatus Caporiacco, 1947 and M. trifidocarinata Caporiacco, 1947 are confirmed as synonyms of M. nigritarsis. Six new species from northern/northeastern Brazil are described: M. abaira sp. nov. (♀), M. linae sp. nov. (♂♀), M. pipa sp. nov. (♂♀), M. sinuosa sp. nov. (♂♀), M. spelunca sp. nov. (♂♀) and M. wesolowskae sp. nov. (♂♀). Also, the male of M. argentina is described for the first time. We give new diagnostic illustrations and updated distribution records for all the species of the genus. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document