scholarly journals Trade Effects of the Generalized System of Preferences

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zubair Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences ◽  
Trade Effects ◽  
Tariff Rates ◽  
The Developed Countries

All the developed countries that agreed to be donors under the proposal for Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) adopted at the first UNCTAD session in 1964, have introduced their individual (GSP) schemes.1 Under these schemes, imports of a large number of manufactures and semimanufactures from less developed countries are permitted at zero or reduced tariff rates up to a certain maximum amount. The full tariff rates continue to apply to imports from other countries. Attention has focused on the institutional arrangements underlying the schemes, the nature and possible effects of quantitative limitations such as import ceilings and tariff quotas, and the estimation of probable demand responses to preferential tariff cuts in developed countries under specific schemes [3,4, 8, 11, 12, 13 and 14]. An underlying assumption of the GSP has been that a preferential treatment of imports from less developed countries would promote the exports of manu¬factured and semimanufactured products from these countries. The purpose of , this study is not to test or otherwise quantify this hypothesis as such. Rather, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of the global trade effects of all the schemes, taken individually as well as collectively, by estimating the trade creation, (i.e., increase in world trade) and trade diversion, (i.e., decline in the exports of non-preferred countries) effects. These estimates are drawn upon

scholarly journals The Generalized System of Preferences and the Comparative Advantage of Less Developed Countries in Manufactures

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zubair Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
Preferential Tariff ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Tariff Rates

One of the proposals of the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 1964 was the establishment of a system of preferential tariff rates favouring existing imports from less developed countries under which all developed countries would unilaterally reduce their tariff duties charged on imports from less developed countries while maintaining most¬ favoured-nation rates1 on imports from other (developed) countries. The idea was later extended to cover all manufactured products and came to be known as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). The first GSP scheme was introduced by the European Economic Community on July 1, 1972. It was followed by schemes of Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Some socialist countries have also implemented GSP schemes.

The Generalized System of Preferences of the United States: Does It Promote Industrialization and Economic Growth in Least Developed Countries?

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caf Dowlah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences

The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)—a system of differential and favorable trade arrangements toward less developed countries, adopted by the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)—has been around since the early 1970s. A primary objective of these schemes has been to promote industrialization and economic growth in less developed countries through trade rather than aid. The outcome of such programs has, however, been mixed. This paper identifies some of the underlying political and economic dynamics which led to the dismal performance of the GSP schemes of the United States in respect to the industrialization and economic growth of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The paper suggests that the effectiveness of GSP schemes could be significantly improved if they were brought under the binding WTO rules, if greater resources were directed to removing supply constraints in the LDCs, and if developed countries granted unwavering market access to LDC exports.

scholarly journals Social Priorities of Less Developed Countries Sustainable Housing (Case of Sudan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ayman K. Abdelgadir ◽  
Omer A. Abu Elzein ◽  
Faris Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Sustainable Housing ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Developed Countries

Sustainable development and sustainable housing indicators are a response to the trend of adopting sustainable development objectives, adopted by most countries, especially developed and less developed countries. It is difficult to implement indicators developed for a developing country context in other contexts with different social, economic and environmental conditions. Social sustainability is the most important priority regarding evaluating the housing development projects in the developed and less developed countries. Economic conditions is linked in many aspects to the social sustainability indicators. Environmental indicators are important, but the less developed countries in general has a very low environmental foot prints, this is because the industry sector is usually week comparing to the developed countries. This paper reviews the sustainable housing indicators, with a focus on United Nations reports and indicators developed for contexts similar to study area, without ignoring the most reputable indicators developed for developing countries context. The research came with a set of indicators reflects the social priorities of the new housing development in Sudan. A questionnaire participants decided the relative important of each indicator and also the importance of the parameters of each indicator. Developing a set of social priorities for Sudan will give extra efficiency in promoting and assessing sustainability in the study area. Description of the questionnaire results which reflects the national social sustainable housing development priorities are discussed. The researches came with a set of recommendations to enhance the social aspects for new housing development projects in Sudan. Using this set of priorities and recommendations will give extra efficiency in promoting and assessing sustainability in the study area.

Good governance and preferential trade: evidence from the Swiss generalized system of preferences

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Christian Ritzel ◽  
Andreas Kohler ◽  
Stefan Mann
Keyword(s):  
Good Governance ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine if the institutional quality of developing countries (DCs) and least-developed countries (LDCs) contributes to a significant increase in the utilization rate of the Swiss generalized system of preferences in the agro-food sector. Design/methodology/approach The authors use state of the art regression techniques accounting for zero values to identify if the institutional quality – separately depicted by the Worldwide Governance Indicators, the Index of Economic Freedom and the Human Development Index – can contribute in overcoming non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade. Findings The institutional quality exerts a consistent positive effect on the level of utilization of trade preferences. Research limitations/implications Swiss food trade represents, of course, only a very small share of world trade, therefore it would be worthwhile to extend the analysis to other countries and sectors. Practical implications Industrialized countries’ development policies should more strongly focus on capacity building in DCs and LDCs to strengthen trade-related institutions. Originality/value The study focuses on an often underemphasized element in international trade relations – the role of the institutional quality in overcoming NTBs to trade.

South-South relations: the economic and political content of interactions among developing countries

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jon Rosenbaum ◽  
William G. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

Traditionally, examinations of the international relations of the less developed countries (LDCs) have focused on influences that can be attributed generally as originating in the developed countries (DCs). In fact, relatively few scholarly analyses of inter-LDC relations have been undertaken. Since South-South relations have grown appreciably in recent years, however, it is important that a framework for studying these relations be developed, and this framework must include an awareness of the significance of the international economic system

Complementarity Between Environment and Development Processes

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Margaret R. Biswas ◽  
Asit K. Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Nineteen Sixties ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Environment And Development ◽  
The Developed Countries

Environmental consequences of economic growth and development became an area of major national concern primarily in industrialized countries during the nineteen-sixties. Undesirable side-effects of development became highly visible in terms of air, water, land, and noise, pollution, and people in such countries became concerned with the continuing environmental degradation and impacts on their health and life-style. The emphasis, however, was primarily on the physical environment.Two problems received much attention: the constantly increasing resource-use in the developed countries, and population explosion in the less-developed countries. Many doomsday scenarios were put forward, and there was a clamour for ‘no-growth’ in the West. This created much apprehension in the less-developed countries, because development was urgently needed to improve the living-standards of their citizens. Thus, ‘pollution of poverty’ became an important issue at the UN Conference on the Human Environment, which was held at Stockholm in 1972.

scholarly journals KAJIAN DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN UNITED STATES GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCE (US-GSP) 2015 TERHADAP EKSPOR PRODUK PERIKANAN INDONESIA KE USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Rikrik Rahadian ◽  
Tajerin Tajerin ◽  
Zahri Nasution
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Developed Countries

Sejak pertamakali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1970-an, Generalized System of Preference (GSP) telah diterapkan oleh negara-negara maju seperti United States of America (USA), Jepang dan European Union (EU). Meskipun bertujuan serupa, yaitu mendorong serta memfasilitasi perdagangan bagi negara-negara berkembang, namun pada penerapannya di masing-masing negara terdapat perbedaan pengaturan GSP – terutama terkait perihal daftar beneficiaries serta produk yang memperoleh fasilitas GSP. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kebijakan US-GSP 2015 serta menganalisis besaran dampak kebijakan tersebut terhadap ekspor produk Kelautan dan Perikanan (KP) Indonesia di pasar ekspor USA. Untuk memperoleh informasi tersebut, maka dipergunakan model SMART yang dikembangkan oleh World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS) untuk mengolah data perdagangan di USA pada tahun 2014, yang diperoleh dari database TRAIN-UNCTAD. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa rejim terkini GSP di USA (2015), jika dimanfaatkan, akan dapat mendorong peningkatan ekspor produk perikanan Indonesia ke USA, terutama untuk komoditas olahan. Ever since it was introduced in the 70’s, the Generalized System of Preference (GSP) has been adopted and implemented by the developed countries such as United States of America (USA), Japan and the European Union (EU). Despite its similar purpose, which is to encourage as well as facilitate trade for the developing countries, its implementations in each adopting country have been very customized – especially concerning the beneficiary list and GSP product list. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of US-GSP 2015 implementation towards Indonesian Fisheries Export to the USA. The research was conducted using a SMART model – an economic model developed by the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) – to simulate the impacts of the trade policy using the TRAIN-UNCTAD database. The simulation showed that the latest US-GSP regime, if completely utilized by the Indonesian Exporters, could actually boost Indonesian Fisheries Exports to the USA, especially for the fish processing products. 

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