scholarly journals Demand Response in Pakistan: A Modification of the Linear Expenditure System for 1976

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehtisham Ahmad ◽  
Stephen Ludlow ◽  
Nicholas Stern
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Demand Response ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Household Level ◽  
On Demand ◽  
System A ◽  
Linear Expenditure System ◽  
Expenditure System ◽  
Demand Patterns

While demand estimates are used in policy making in a number of areas, there has not been a substantial literature on demand patterns and responses in Pakistan. We present estimates for thirteen classes of goods, based on a complete demand system, a modification of the Unear Expenditure System, using maximum likelihood techniques and observations at the household level for Pakistan and urban and rurll areas for 1976.

Demand for Social Services of City Government Units Using the Linear Expenditure System: The Case of the Philippines

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
City Government ◽  
Demand System ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Linear Expenditure System ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Expenditure System

The main objective of the study is to construct demand system of the basic social services provided by the city governments in the Philippines using the Linear Expenditure System. It seeks to establish the income and expenditure pattern of city governments of the Philippines in 2008. Results revealed that cities with higher incomes are dependent to locally-generated income while cities with lower incomes are dependent on IRA funds. Expenditure share is highest in the education sector while lowest in the social welfare. Subsistence expenditure level of each service sector was found statistically significant except health and nutrition. Some identified cost variables of respective service sectors were found significant predictors of subsistence expenditure level of each service sectors. Marginal discretionary income shares were found statistically significant across the service sectors except for education. Elasticity results revealed that all basic social services were found to be normal goods and demands for these services tend to be inelastic with respect to government income. Keywords - demand system, discretionary income, IRA, LES, marginal discretionary income, NSUR, simultaneous equation and subsistence expenditure.

scholarly journals Simulation-Based Assessment of Parking Constraints for Automated Mobility on Demand: A Case Study of Zurich

Vehicles ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-286
Author(s):  
Claudio Ruch ◽  
Roman Ehrler ◽  
Sebastian Hörl ◽  
Milos Balac ◽  
Emilio Frazzoli
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
On Demand ◽  
System A ◽  
Customer Service Level ◽  
Simulation Based

In a coordinated mobility-on-demand system, a fleet of vehicles is controlled by a central unit and serves transportation requests in an on-demand fashion. An emerging field of research aims at finding the best way to operate these systems given certain targets, e.g., customer service level or the minimization of fleet distance. In this work, we introduce a new element of fleet operation: the assignment of idle vehicles to a limited set of parking spots. We present two different parking operating policies governing this process and then evaluate them individually and together on different parking space distributions. We show that even for a highly restricted number of available parking spaces, the system can perform quite well, even though the total fleet distance is increased by 20% and waiting time by 10%. With only one parking space available per vehicle, the waiting times can be reduced by 30% with 20% increase in total fleet distance. Our findings suggest that increasing the parking capacity beyond one parking space per vehicle does not bring additional benefits. Finally, we also highlight possible directions for future research such as to find the best distribution of parking spaces for a given mobility-on-demand system and city.

pH-controlled feed-on-demand for high-rate anaerobic systems

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Pretorius
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
On Demand ◽  
System A ◽  
Side Stream ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Ph Controlled

The carbonate and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) buffer subsystems govern the pH and thus the required alkalinity in high-rate anaerobic wastewater treatment systems. By controlling the SCFA concentration through a pH-controlled feed-on-demand system, the required alkalinity is only a function of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), and for non-alkalinity producing substrates, independent of the organic loading rate. This makes the pH-controlled feed-on-demand system a simple and very effective method for minimising the start-up time and improving the reliability of high-rate anaerobic digestion. For maximum sensitivity the controlling pH was measured in a pH region near the bicarbonate equivalence point. This condition was obtained by measuring the pH in a biogas stripped side stream. The concept of pH-controlled feed-on-demand was successfully applied for the start-up and operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor, using SCFAs as substrate.

scholarly journals Aggregate and Regional Demand Response Patterns in Pakistan

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehtisham Ahmad ◽  
Stephen Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Grouped Data ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Likelihood Methods ◽  
Engel Curves ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Linear Expenditure System ◽  
Regional Demand ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽  
Expenditure System

The econometric analysis of demand in Pakistan has, until recently, been a relatively neglected field of analysis. Much of the earlier work, reviewed in Ali (1985), consists of linear Engel curves based on grouped data published by the Bureau of Statistics. Ahmad, Leung and Stern (1984), and Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) use household observations from the 1976 Micro-Nutrient Survey (MNS), to estimate 17 (9 of which are food items) and 13 commodity parameters and elasticities based on a modified linear Expenditure System (LES) using Maximum likelihood methods. The modified LES is a method of obtaining LES parameters without independent price information, analogous to the ELES. This method differs from the ELES in that expenditure information is used, rather than income, see Ahmad, Ludlow and Stern (1987) for details.

The SORS Decision-Making Support System: A statistical tool for better policy making in the Republic of Serbia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Miladin Kovačević ◽  
Katarina Stančić
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
The Public ◽  
System A ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Trusted Data

Modern society is witnessing a data revolution which necessarily entails changes to the overall behavior of citizens, governments and companies. This is a big challenge and an opportunity for National Statistics Offices (NSOs). Especially after the outbreak of COVID-19, when the public debate about the number of mortalities and tested and infected persons escalated, trusted data is required more than ever. Which data can modern society trust? Are modern societies being subjected to opinion rather than fact? This paper introduces a new statistical tool to facilitate policy-making based on trusted statistics. Using economic indicators to illustrate implementation, the new statistical tool is shown to be a flexible instrument for analysis, monitoring and evaluation of the economic situation in the Republic of Serbia. By taking a role in public policy management, the tool can be used to transform the NSO’s role in the statistical system into an active participant in public debate in contrast to the previous traditional, usually passive role of collecting, processing and publishing data. The tool supports the integration of statistics into public policies and connects the knowledge and expertise of official statisticians on one side with political decision makers on the other.

scholarly journals Research on Demand Response Aggregators Participating in Power Market Based on Bi-level Optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 781 (4) ◽  
pp. 042009
Author(s):  
Weijie Shen ◽  
Cheng Fang ◽  
Jiaxin Ma ◽  
Jialin Lin ◽  
Ming Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Power Market ◽  
On Demand
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