Market or Government: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis of the Experience of Pakistan and India (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4I) ◽  
pp. 601-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav F. Papanek
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Private Enterprise ◽  
Enterprise Systems ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Imperfections ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Direct Control

In the 1980s a remarkable consensus developed that all economies, including the Less Developed Countries (LDC), will achieve both more rapid growth and alleviation of poverty with greater reliance on a market oriented strategy and minimal government direct control and ownership in the economy. The disputes that remain have to do with marginal issues: how fast to move from dirigiste to private enterprise systems and the extent to which there is a residual role for government in dealing with market imperfections. There remain a few unregenerate interventionists, especially in South Asia, but they are definitely a beleaguered minority. Even more remarkable is that the consensus is not only with respect to the economic efficiency of the market, but is nearly as great on its effectiveness in reducing poverty. A powerful tool for analyzing whether greater reliance on markets indeed is successful in raising the rate of growth and reducing the extent of poverty is to compare the experience of similar countries with different strategies in that respect A comparison of the experience of India with that of Pakistan and Bangladesh during the last 40 years can be particularly fruitful because:

Socio-Economic Differences and Deployment of the LDC Micro-Finance Bottom-up Approach in DCs

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Samanthala Hettihewa ◽  
Christopher S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Cost Structures ◽  
Poverty Relief ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Microfinance (MF), after showing great success in poverty-relief in less-developed countries (LDCs), has experiencing rapid growth and interest in developed countries (DCs). However, current DC MF literature gives the impression that survival concerns are diverting DC MF from its original poverty-relief intent. As e-technology evolves, further threats and opportunities are created for MF by changing cost structures and relationships. This study uses descriptive analysis to infer that DC MF needs redesigning for DC socio-economic conditions or it will continue gaining a reputation of being too poorly focused, ineffective, and inefficient for use in DCs. After showing that LDC poverty is harsher than DC poverty, this paper reviews current-performance concerns of DC MF, links those issues with the effect of regulatory and other socio-economic factors on micro-enterprise, discusses how MF can relieve poverty in DCs, and concludes that MF needs refocusing before DCs investing in further developing/adapting MF infrastructure.

'Restrictive Business Practices', report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, April 1972.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
G. M. Radhu
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The World ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Administrative Structures

The report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, submitted to the third session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Santiago (Chile) in April 1972, deals with the restrictive business practices of the multinational corporations with special reference to the export interests of the developing countries. Since the world war, there has been a tremendous growth in the size and activities of many international firms. They have grown from the national corporation to the multidivisional corporation and now to the multinational corporation. With each step they acquired greater financial power, better technology and know-how and more complex administrative structures. They have subsidiaries and branches all over the world. In the course of the sixties they became one of the dominant factors in determining the pattern of world trade. At the same time, their increasingly restrictive business practices, which tended to adversely affect world trade and the export interest of less developed countries, attracted the attention of the governments both in developed and less developed countries and serious concern was shown at the international level. It is against this background that the UNCTAD undertook the study on the question of restrictive business practices.

Analysis of the principles of reference inventory today

2017 ◽  
Vol 924 (6) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Klyushnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Property Owner ◽  
State Register ◽  
Information Object ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Lost Object

A comparative analysis of the principles of the cadastre in the most developed countries and in Russia. It is shown that some of the principles of cadastre, it is advisable to introduce into the Russian legislation. Such principles include the principle of Renzenberger, as well as the principles of Ruoff and Kuranda. The Russian inventory has more than twenty years, however, it cannot be considered complete, as registered in cadastre only 60 % of real estate. Full filling of the cadastre information on real estate is possible, if we abandon the application of the principle of reference. Unlike foreign domestic inventory the inventory contains errors that complicate the procedure of registration of immovable property. In addition, the domestic inventory is not the only source of information about the property that causes the ambiguity of the information about the same object. Important is also that the damage caused inaccurate inventory information bona fide buyer or seller of real property under current law, does not exceed one million rubles, regardless of the value of the lost object. Foreign inventory recognizes the property owner the main participant of the changes, however, the Russian legislation allows for the adjustment of the information object without the application of the property owner. See principles of the foreign inventory is useful for the maintenance of the national cadastre. This will simplify the process of state cadastral accounting of real estate, reduce the time of its formation and to increase the reliability of materials of the Unified state register of real estate.

Historical Representations and Recent Changes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schaflechner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.

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