Correlations between microsatellite DNA heterozygosity and reproductive traits in Large White sows

The main aim of this paper was to determine whether heterozygosity (assessed using microsatellite genotypes) was correlated with the reproductive traits in sows. The study was conducted on two herds of sows of the Large White sows breed at the Limited Liability Company “Tavriys’ki svyni” (Kherson region, Ukraine) and the Agricultural Private Enterprise “Techmet-Yug” (Mykolayiv region, Ukraine). During the study, we used eleven microsatellite loci recommended by International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) – S0101, S0155, S0228, S0355, S0386, Sw24, Sw72, Sw240, Sw857, Sw936 and Sw951. The litter records included information on the total number of piglets born (TNB), number of piglets born alive (NBA), number of stillborn piglets (NSB), frequency of stillborn piglets (FSB), litter size at weaning (NW) in the first five parities. Individual heterozygosity estimates (for each microsatellite loci separately) and microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity (for all used loci) estimates (MLH) were used in our analysis. ANOVA was used to determine the relationship of the dependent effects (reproductive traits) to single locus heterozygosity using two classes: 0 (for homozygous individuals) and 1 (for heterozygous individuals). In addition, the following indicators were calculated for each genotype: the squared distances (d2) between alleles within an individual for each microsatellite loci and mean squared distances (mean d2) between alleles within an individual for 11 microsatellite loci. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were used to measure the association between d2 (for each microsatellite loci) and reproductive traits in sows. ANOVA on reproductive traits of sows belonging to different MLH and mean d2 classes was also undertaken. For sows from the Agricultural Private Enterprise “‘Techmet-Yug” were observed negative associations between heterozygosity and reproductive traits. We conclude that care should be taken when crossing between different breeders (English and Hungarian selection) to avoid outbreeding depression.

Leveraging Private Enterprise: Incubation of New Industries to Address the Public Sector’s Mission-Oriented Grand Challenges

We examine how mission-oriented grand challenges—formed to address the public sector’s unmet needs through development of new technologies and products for high potential impact—originate and catalyze industry incubation. Our analysis of six prominent cases identifies the incubation process, consisting of identification of unmet needs as a grand challenge, championing and articulation of a mission, leverage of private enterprise, and success or failure of the mission for subsequent industry emergence. The resulting conceptual model highlights key similarities and differences of industry incubation stemming from the public sector’s mission-oriented grand challenges relative to industries triggered by scientific discoveries or unmet user needs where the public sector is not as salient. The analysis reveals successful outcomes are associated with the public sector’s goal setting and carrying out “market functions” pertaining to selection, coordination, and knowledge sharing. We also provide cautions and caveats regarding fault lines that may arise in public-private partnerships.

A Theory of Partial Property Rights and the Illusion of State-Owned Enterprises

China’s State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) enjoy many special benefits. They do not turn over profits and rents to the state, they pay much less interests than other enterprises in their use of capital, they enjoy monopolistic power in the marketplace, incomes of SOE employees, including managers, are free of policy restrictions. Because these substantial interests are not transferrable to individuals, competition exists for them. Compared with executives of private enterprise, senior managers of SOEs are 94 times more likely of being convicted of a crime. High benefits enjoyed by senior managers of SOEs come with a great risk. Once the illusion of SOEs is punctured, SOE leaders with higher education and long-term visions may become the driving force of SOE reform.

Proposal for a Public Policy in Reference to NOM-035-STPS-2018 and SARS-CoV-2/ COVID 19

The economic development of companies has not been simple, continuously, they have to reinvent themselves, to keep up with the requirements and national and international changes that are generated, so the present study, seeks to harmonize the guidelines of the NOM-035-SPTS-2018, which generates substantial changes in the contract and management of personnel; and on the other hand, the pandemic Covid-19, which generated a special condition; The government and companies have modified their ways of working, are facing unexpected situations that adhere in several aspects to NOM-035, with the aim of seeking the proposal of a public policy to encourage such changes and alleviate the situation of public and private enterprise, which is reflected in the health and welfare of the working population, in turn achieve an economic benefit in Public Health. An analysis is made with a qualitative, exploratory documentary approach, based on the laws, articles of the organizations in charge and formal research on the subject, evaluating the possibility of creating a public policy to address this problem.