scholarly journals Motivation and Fertility Control Behaviour in Pakistan

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Latent Demand ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Control Behaviour

Using data from the Population, Labour Force and Migration (PLM) Survey of 1979-80, this paper examines the component of potential motivation for fertility limita- . tion among Pakistani married women and then determines what factors are important in explaining the contraceptive use differentials among the potentially motivated subgroup of women. The analysis is conducted using logit regression models. The findings show that, among women wanting no additional children, a substantial proportion is reluctant to adopt fertility control behaviour, confirming the existence of latent demand for contraception in all strata. A majority of those women report no exposure to the programme or no contact with a family planning worker, and a large majority of those who have had exposure or have been contacted do not report contraceptive use, indicating a considerable shortfall of the programme. Among the urban women wanting no more children, the important factors affecting contraceptive use positively are education (both primary and secondary), household income, living in nuclear family, exposure to the programme, and contact with a family planning worker. For rural women, only nuclear family living and the programme factors are significant in promoting contraceptive use. The suggestions likely to increase contraceptive prevalence are, first, to reach those women who have the potential motivation for contraception, and, second, to increase the quality and sources of the motivation efforts of the programme to crystallize the latent demand among those who need it.

scholarly journals The Desire for Additional Children among Pakistani Women: The Determinants

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Secondary Schooling ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Fertility Desires ◽  
Latent Demand ◽  
Value Of Children ◽  
And Migration

It is generally argued that the traditional social and economic structure of the Pakistani society keeps the value of children relatively high and the demand for contraception relatively low, resulting in the persistence of high fenility in the country. Nevertheless, there is evidence of a latent demand for fertility control among women in all strata of the population. This study examines the determinants ()f the desire for additional children for currently married women in Pakistan, drawing data from the Population, Labour Force and Migration (PLM) Survey of 197.9-80. The variations in the patterns of desired fertility and their relationship to the factors of economic and social change - such as education, husband's occupation, household income, child education, and work - are also analyzed. The analysis is conducted using logit regression models. The basic analysis of desired fertility reveals that a significant minority of currently married fecund women in all subgroups want no more children, and that this is a majority for women with four children or more. Among the factors determining the desire for no more children, the major findings are that besides the strong and alI-pervasive effects of the life-cycle factors (such as parity, age, and the number of living son), fenility desires of urban and rural women are determined differently in response to the social and economic factors. While a higher percentage of rural women want more children, their desire for no more children is significantly related to such factors as house.hold income, nuclear family living, and child schooling - factors that are unrelated to urban women's fertility desires. For urban women, alongwith the advantage of being in a more modem, non-agrarian setting, an exposure to urban living and at least secondary schooling are associated with wanting no more children. The likely effective steps suggested to achieve a reduced desire for additional children are an expansion in education beyond the primary levels, the development of an opportunity structure for rural women, and an improvement in the targeting of programme services for those who have the potential motivation to limit fenility.

scholarly journals Predictors of modern contraceptive use among women and men in Uganda: a population-level analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e034675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Namasivayam ◽  
Sarah Lovell ◽  
Sarah Namutamba ◽  
Philip J Schluter
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Modern Contraceptive Use

Objective(s)Despite substantial and rapid improvements in contraceptive uptake in Uganda, many women continue to have unmet need for contraception. As factors affecting contraceptive use are dynamic and complex, this study seeks to identify current predictors and provide effect size estimates of contraceptive use among women and men in Uganda.Study designA nationally representative cross-sectional population survey, using secondary data from Uganda’s 2016 Demographic and Health Survey. Stratified by sex, weighted bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were derived from a suite of potential predictor variables. Predictive abilities were assessed via 10-fold cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs).SettingUganda.ParticipantsAll women aged 15–49 years who were permanent residents of the selected households or stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to participate. In one-third of the sampled households, all men aged 15–54 years who met the same residence criteria were also eligible.Primary outcome measuresModern contraceptive use.ResultsOverall, 4914 (26.6%) women and 1897 (35.6%) men reported using a modern contraceptive method. For women and men, both demographic and proximate variables were significantly associated with contraceptive use, although notable differences in effect sizes existed between sexes—especially for age, level of education and parity. Predictively, the multivariable model was acceptable for women with AUC=0.714 (95% CI 0.704 to 0.720) but less so for men with AUC=0.654 (95% CI 0.636 to 0.666).Conclusion(s)Contemporary significant predictors of contraceptive use among women and men were reported, thereby enabling key Ugandan subpopulations who would benefit from more targeted family planning initiatives to be identified. However, the acceptable AUC for women and modest AUC for men suggest that other important unmeasured predictors may exist. Nonetheless, these evidence-based findings remain important for informing future programmatic and policy directions for family planning in Uganda.

Postpartum Lactational Amenorrhoea as a Means of Family Planning in the Sudan: A Study of 500 Cases

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal M. Adnan ◽  
Salah Abu Bakr
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Primiparous Women

SummaryThe lactational histories of 500 Sudanese women were studied retrospectively to examine postpartum lactational amenorrhoea as a method of family planning. Particular attention was given to the factors affecting postpartum lactational amenorrhoea, including supplementary feeding and the use of modern contraceptive methods. Breast-feeding was overwhelmingly practised (90%) among this sample, which was roughly representative of the Sudanese population as a whole. The prevalence of amenorrhoea among this group of lactating women was quite high (73%). Duration of lactational amenorrhoea ranged from 2 to 36 months with a median of 12 months.Introduction of supplementary feeding had little effect on lactational amenorrhoea up to the 9th month of breast-feeding. Beyond the 12th month of breast-feeding, lactational amenorrhoea was significantly prolonged by postponing the introduction of supplementary feeding until the 4th month or later.Ovulation, and hence conception, during lactational amenorrhoea was unpredictable. It occurred as early as the 3rd or as late as the 36th month postpartum. Conceptions interrupting lactational amenorrhoea soon after delivery (3–9 months) were more frequent among primiparous women. The failure rate of lactational amenorrhoea as a contraceptive was 8·4%. Though extremely high compared to that of the pill, lactational amenorrhoea was more useful as a fertility control mechanism because, in this study, a high proportion of women initiated pill use, but soon discontinued it because of side effects. Modern contraceptive practice was not prevalent. Amenorrhoeic mothers accepted the pill after the 6th month postpartum (41%), compared to lactating mothers whose menses had returned who started it much earlier. Forty-nine percent of the women studied relied completely on the protection of lactational amenorrhoea. Fifty-seven percent of all lactating women who used the combined pill reported a reduction in milk production. There are several policy implications of this study.

scholarly journals Reproductive Goals and Family Planning Attitudes in Pakistan: A Couple-level Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Reproductive Control ◽  
Control Behaviour ◽  
Level Analysis

Based on the responses of 1260 matched couples in the 1990-91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines how congruent wives’ and husbands’ attitudes towards fertility and family planning are, and to what extent the similarity or difference in attitudes affects their reproductive control behaviour. The results show that about 60 percent of the couples have given similar responses (agreeing either positively or negatively) to several fertility-related questions, whereas the remaining 40 percent differ in their attitudes. Multivariate analyses indicate that a couple’s joint approval of family planning, husband’s desire for no more children, and spousal discussion about family planning stand out as the strongest predictors of contraceptive use. These findings clearly suggest that the role of couple agreement is important in promoting the use of family planning, and that men should be made as equal targets of such programmes in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Determinants of Marital Fertility in Pakistan: An Application of the "Synthesis Framework"

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sabihuddin Buti ◽  
Aroon Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Insight Into

The fertility phase of the demographic transition has increasingly been viewed as a movement from high to low levels of fertility, and as a shift from natural fertility to deliberately controlled fertility. In an attempt to gain more insight into this process, the present study, in the context of Pakistan, is based on intensive National Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey data covering 10,000 households. It aims to focus on the determinants of fertility in Pakistan, specifically the determinants of the adoption of deliberate fertility regulations. The role of socia-economic modernisation and cultural factors in the determination of the potential family size and the adoption of deliberate fertility control through a knowledge of fertility regulations have also been explored. The 'Synthesis Framework' of fertility determination, applied to Sri Lanka and Colombia by Easterlin and Crimmins (1982), and with its recent modifications by Ahmed (1987), is the main vehicle for the study.

scholarly journals Estimates of Birth Intervals in Pakistan, with and without the WFS Restrictions

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Zubeda Khan ◽  
Ghulam Y. Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Methodological Issue ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Relationship

Almost all the World Fertility Surveys (WFS), and those repeating a similar pattern of pregnancy history data collection, like the Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey (PLM) carried out in Pakistan in 1979-80, covered information on proximate determinants for the last closed and open birth intervals. This paper, based on the PLM data, discusses the methodological issue of data collection. The types of restriction used have often been doubted as they have produced biased estimates of contraceptive use and duration of breast-feeding, which are important in the estimation of birth interval and in the ultimate estimation of the structures of the relationship predicting fertility. The representativeness of the last closed and open birth intervals is limited if these are probed deeper in the time before survey, as the proportion of births gets quite small. It is inappropriate to estimate proximate determinants on fertility data that do not provide information on all the births. Therefore, an attempt has been made to estimate contraceptive use and breast-feeding with and without the WFS restrictions. The logit model has been used with a dichotomous variable, 'whether the next live birth occurs or not', on proximate determinants and other socio-economic variables to estimate the amount of biasedness. The results reveal that there appears to be a higher proportion of unbiased estimates if they are derived through the unrestricted sample; and these results are in conformity with the results found elsewhere. The biasedness of the restricted samples also affects the studies aimed at observing the relationship between the predictor and the dependent variables.

scholarly journals Determinants of contraceptive use dynamics: research needs on decision and choice

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (S11) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel I. Mundigo ◽  
James F. Phillips ◽  
Aphichat Chamratrithirong
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Contraceptive Services ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
New Research ◽  
Reproductive Events ◽  
Relevant Consideration

SummaryBecause of the importance of contraceptive behaviour in most societies today a better understanding is needed of the social and behavioural factors affecting contraceptive decisions and choices of individuals and couples. This paper examines the need for longitudinal, theoretically-based studies of contraceptive use dynamics, including the timing, duration and interaction of reproductive events which may be more important than contraceptive technology in the social, cultural and economic context of fertility control. New research methods and appropriate analysis of data are relevant. Consideration of the social context is essential for the formulation and implementation of effective policies relating to the provision of contraceptive services.

Factors affecting use of contraception in Matlab, Bangladesh

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrab Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Comparison Area ◽  
Perceived Availability ◽  
Kap Survey ◽  
Living Children

SummaryThis study examines the relationship between family planning, perceived availability of contraceptives, and sociodemographic factors in rural Bangladesh. Data are from the 1990 KAP survey in the Matlab treatment and comparison areas, using a sample of about 8500 married women of reproductive age. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 57% in the treatment area but substantially lower in the comparison area where mainly traditional methods of family planning were used by women who did not know of a source of supply of contraceptives. Education has no effect on contraceptive use in the treatment area but in the comparison area, modest but consistent differentials in use by level of education were found. Number of living children is the best predictor for contraceptive use, followed by number of living sons, and the attitude of respondents and their husbands towards family planning.

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