scholarly journals Determinants of Marital Fertility in Pakistan: An Application of the "Synthesis Framework"

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Sabihuddin Buti ◽  
Aroon Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Insight Into

The fertility phase of the demographic transition has increasingly been viewed as a movement from high to low levels of fertility, and as a shift from natural fertility to deliberately controlled fertility. In an attempt to gain more insight into this process, the present study, in the context of Pakistan, is based on intensive National Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey data covering 10,000 households. It aims to focus on the determinants of fertility in Pakistan, specifically the determinants of the adoption of deliberate fertility regulations. The role of socia-economic modernisation and cultural factors in the determination of the potential family size and the adoption of deliberate fertility control through a knowledge of fertility regulations have also been explored. The 'Synthesis Framework' of fertility determination, applied to Sri Lanka and Colombia by Easterlin and Crimmins (1982), and with its recent modifications by Ahmed (1987), is the main vehicle for the study.

scholarly journals Role of Computational Methods in Going beyond X-ray Crystallography to Explore Protein Structure and Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Srivastava ◽  
Tetsuro Nagai ◽  
Arpita Srivastava ◽  
Osamu Miyashita ◽  
Florence Tama
Keyword(s):  
Protein Dynamics ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Insight Into

Protein structural biology came a long way since the determination of the first three-dimensional structure of myoglobin about six decades ago. Across this period, X-ray crystallography was the most important experimental method for gaining atomic-resolution insight into protein structures. However, as the role of dynamics gained importance in the function of proteins, the limitations of X-ray crystallography in not being able to capture dynamics came to the forefront. Computational methods proved to be immensely successful in understanding protein dynamics in solution, and they continue to improve in terms of both the scale and the types of systems that can be studied. In this review, we briefly discuss the limitations of X-ray crystallography in studying protein dynamics, and then provide an overview of different computational methods that are instrumental in understanding the dynamics of proteins and biomacromolecular complexes.

scholarly journals Role of Foreseeability in Imposition of Civil Liability

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 268-286
Author(s):  
Edijs Brants
Keyword(s):  
Strict Liability ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Insight Into

The purpose of this article is to offer an insight into the role of foreseeability in imposition of civil liability. The article contains analysis of the principle of foresee­ability from various points of view, for example, by analysing it from the perspective of the general (fault-based) model of liability as well of the strict liability. Likewise, the article analysis the role of foreseeability during determination of preconditions to civil liability, for example, by introducing it into the concepts of “fault” and “causation”. The aspects referred to in this article are predominantly analysed from the theoretical perspective. The article references various legal sources from different countries, which allows other legal scholars to use the conclusions offered herein.

scholarly journals The role of conformational entropy in the determination of structural-kinetic relationships for helix-coil transitions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Rudzinski ◽  
Tristan Bereau
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Conformational Entropy ◽  
Peptide Backbone ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Coarse-grained molecular simulation models can provide significant insight into the complex behavior of protein systems, but suffer from an inherently distorted description of dynamical properties. We recently demonstrated that, for a heptapeptide of alanine residues, the structural and kinetic properties of a simulation model are linked in a rather simple way, given a certain level of physics present in the model. In this work, we extend these findings to a longer peptide, for which the representation of configuration space in terms of a full enumeration of sequences of helical/coil states along the peptide backbone is impractical. We verify the structural-kinetic relationships by scanning the parameter space of a simple native-biased model and then employ a distinct transferable model to validate and generalize the conclusions. Our results further demonstrate the validity of the previous findings, while clarifying the role of conformational entropy in the determination of the structural-kinetic relationships. More specifically, while the global, long timescale kinetic properties of a particular class of models with varying energetic parameters but approximately fixed conformational entropy are determined by the overarching structural features of the ensemble, a shift in these kinetic observables occurs for models with a distinct representation of steric interactions. At the same time, the relationship between structure and more local, faster kinetic properties is not affected by varying the conformational entropy of the model.

scholarly journals Insight Into Late Wilting Disease of Cucumber Demonstrates the Complexity of the Phenomenon in Fluctuating Environments

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 2877-2883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit M. Philosoph ◽  
Aviv Dombrovsky ◽  
Yigal Elad ◽  
Amnon Koren ◽  
Omer Frenkel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Mortality Incidence ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Combined Infection ◽  
Insight Into

Some diseases are caused by coinfection of several pathogens in the same plant. However, studies on the complexity of these coinfection events under different environmental conditions are scarce. Our ongoing research involves late wilting disease of cucumber caused by coinfection of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) and Pythium spp. We specifically investigated the role of various temperatures (18, 25, 32°C) on the coinfection by CGMMV and two predominant Pythium species occurring in cucumber greenhouses under Middle Eastern climatic conditions. During the summer months, Pythium aphanidermatum was most common, whereas P. spinosum predominated during the winter–spring period. P. aphanidermatum preferred higher temperatures while P. spinosum preferred low temperatures and caused very low levels of disease at 32°C when the 6-day-old seedlings were infected with P. spinosum alone. Nevertheless, after applying a later coinfection with CGMMV on the 14-day-old plants, a synergistic effect was detected for both Pythium species at optimal and suboptimal temperatures, with P. spinosum causing high mortality incidence even at 32°C. The symptoms caused by CGMMV infection appeared earlier as the temperature increased. However, within each temperature, no significant influence of the combined infection was detected. Our results demonstrate the complexity of coinfection in changing environmental conditions and indicate its involvement in disease development and severity as compared with infection by each of the pathogens alone.

Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Migration Behavior ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Hydropower Dams ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Insight Into

<em>Abstract</em>.—Both juvenile and adult anadromous lampreys encounter a variety of obstacles to passage during migration. Hydropower dams can delay or obstruct adults, and turbine entrainment or screen impingement can injure or kill juveniles. Lampreys also face less dramatic obstacles such as culverts, irrigation diversion dams and screens, weirs, and other low-elevation structures. The extent to which most structures affect juvenile and adult movements is not known. However, recent research on lamprey swimming performance and migration behavior has provided new insight into the physical and performance factors that may limit lamprey movements. We drew from both field and laboratory studies to review lamprey swimming performance and migration behavior and the effects of water velocity, attachment sites, light, and temperature on lamprey movements. Based on this review, we identified the following as primary research needs for all lamprey life stages: determination of cues lampreys use to orient during migration, documentation of lamprey endurance limits, and evaluation of energy expenditure during migration and its effects on lamprey fitness.

scholarly journals miR-27b Targets HOXB8 to Inhibit Malignant Behaviors of Osteosarcoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153303381987079
Author(s):  
Yingyong Wu ◽  
Jinyun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cell ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Insight Into

MicroRNAs function as either tumor suppressor or oncogene in human cancers. This study aimed to explore the role of miR-27b in osteosarcoma. Expression of miR-27b or homeobox B8 in osteosarcoma cell lines was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Luciferase activity reporter assay and Western blot were conducted to explore the association between miR-27b and homeobox B8. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation assay, and wound-healing assay were performed to investigate the role of miR-27b or homeobox B8 on cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell migration. Expression of miR-27b was significantly reduced, while homeobox B8 was increased in osteosarcoma cell lines. In addition, homeobox B8 was validated as a direct target of homeobox B8. Moreover, miR-27b regulates osteosarcoma cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration through targeting homeobox B8. Taken together, our study provides novel insight into the progression of osteosarcoma, and the miR-27b–homeobox B8 axis identified may be developed as therapeutic targets against hepatocellular carcinoma in the future.

The Role of Integrins in Cancer and the Development of Anti-Integrin Therapeutic Agents for Cancer Therapy

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1177391X0800200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjie Lu ◽  
Dong Lu ◽  
Mike Scully ◽  
Vijay Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Integrin Receptors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Insight Into

Integrins have been reported to mediate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration programs. For this reason, the past few years have seen an increased interest in the implications of integrin receptors in cancer biology and tumor cell aggression. This review considers the potential role of integrins in cancer and also addresses why integrins are present attractive targets for drug design. It discusses of the several properties of the integrin-based chemotherapeutic agents currently under consideration clinically and provides an insight into cancer drug development using integrin as a target.

scholarly journals Motivation and Fertility Control Behaviour in Pakistan

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naushin Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Latent Demand ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Control Behaviour

Using data from the Population, Labour Force and Migration (PLM) Survey of 1979-80, this paper examines the component of potential motivation for fertility limita- . tion among Pakistani married women and then determines what factors are important in explaining the contraceptive use differentials among the potentially motivated subgroup of women. The analysis is conducted using logit regression models. The findings show that, among women wanting no additional children, a substantial proportion is reluctant to adopt fertility control behaviour, confirming the existence of latent demand for contraception in all strata. A majority of those women report no exposure to the programme or no contact with a family planning worker, and a large majority of those who have had exposure or have been contacted do not report contraceptive use, indicating a considerable shortfall of the programme. Among the urban women wanting no more children, the important factors affecting contraceptive use positively are education (both primary and secondary), household income, living in nuclear family, exposure to the programme, and contact with a family planning worker. For rural women, only nuclear family living and the programme factors are significant in promoting contraceptive use. The suggestions likely to increase contraceptive prevalence are, first, to reach those women who have the potential motivation for contraception, and, second, to increase the quality and sources of the motivation efforts of the programme to crystallize the latent demand among those who need it.

scholarly journals Sugars and Acids Influence Flavor Properties of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 644d-644
Author(s):  
T.M.M. Malundo ◽  
E.A. Baldwin ◽  
R.L. Shewfelt ◽  
H. Sisson ◽  
G.O. Ware
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Flavor Perception ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Optimum Ripeness ◽  
Fruit Flavor ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Fruit flavor is a function of sensory perception of taste, aromatic and chemical feeling factor components in the mouth. The specific role of sugars and acids in potentiating flavor perception of volatile compounds and chemical feeling factors is not well known for many fruits. This study was conducted to determine the effects of selected levels of sugars and acids on perception of 3 taste (sweet, sour, bitter), 6 aromatic (banana, grassy, orange peel, peach, pine/turpentine, sweet potato), and 2 chemical feeling factor (astringent, biting) flavor notes in diluted, fresh mango homogenate using a trained descriptive panel. Perception of all flavor descriptors except sour were enhanced by increasing the sugar concentration. An increase in acid concentration enhanced perception of sweet, sour and biting notes while lowering perception of the astringent, peach and pine/turpentine notes. Brix-to-acid ratio (BAR) was found to be an effective chemical indicator for perception of sourness but was not effective for perception of sweetness. These results provide insight into optimum balances of sugars and acids as they influence mango flavor perception specifically in preparation of juice blends, selection of cultivars for specific fresh markets, or determination of optimum ripeness in the marketplace.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of domestic swine to experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad S. Pickering ◽  
Greg Smith ◽  
Mathieu M. Pinette ◽  
Carissa Embury-Hyatt ◽  
Estella Moffat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Oral Fluids ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Production Animals ◽  
Domestic Swine

AbstractSARS-CoV-2, the agent responsible for COVID-19 has been shown to infect a number of species. The role of domestic livestock and the risk associated for humans in close contact remains unknown for many production animals. Determination of the susceptibility of pigs to SARS-CoV-2 is critical towards a One Health approach to manage the potential risk of zoonotic transmission. Here, pigs undergoing experimental inoculation are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 at low levels. Viral RNA was detected in group oral fluids and nasal wash from at least two animals while live virus was isolated from a pig. Further, antibodies could be detected in two animals at 11 and 13 days post infection, while oral fluid samples at 6 days post inoculation indicated the presence of secreted antibodies. These data highlight the need for additional livestock assessment to better determine the potential role domestic animals may contribute towards the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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