scholarly journals Wages versus Fringe Benefits in the Large-scale Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1385-1397
Author(s):  
Zafar Mahmood ◽  
Mohammad Ali Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Fringe Benefits ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Old Age Benefits

In pursuit of its labour welfare policy and to provide protection against certain contingencies, the government plays a crucial role in introducing and encouraging the payment of fringe benefits.l The proportion of total remunerations which make up fringe benefits is influenced by preferential treatment under income tax laws.2 For example, social security and employee's old-age benefits schemes are financed, respectively, t~ough contributions by the employers at 7 percent and 5 percent of the wages of secured workers. These expenses are reduced if an employer pays more in the form of fringe benefits than wages. Some other gains, including reduction in labour turnover, increase in labour productivity and creation of a favourable public image of the enterprise encourage employers to offer fringe benefits rather than wages. On the other hand, interests of labour unions are to protect or to get an increase in thcic total pay package. Workers will prefer fringe benefits if, with their introduction, net income rises and savings are made by group purchases of some benefits. Thus, these benefits affect decision of labour supply and demand, and enhance welfare.

scholarly journals Why Do Small Firms Fail to Graduate to Medium and Large Firms in Pakistan·

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1249-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A, R, Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Fringe Benefits ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Labour Turnover ◽  
Old Age Benefits

In pursuit of its labour welfare policy and to provide protection against certain contingencies, the government plays a crucial role in introducing and encouraging the payment of fringe benefits.l The proportion of total remunerations which make up fringe benefits is influenced by preferential treatment under income tax laws.2 For example, social security and employee's old-age benefits schemes are financed, respectively, t~ough contributions by the employers at 7 percent and 5 percent of the wages of secured workers. These expenses are reduced if an employer pays more in the form of fringe benefits than wages. Some other gains, including reduction in labour turnover, increase in labour productivity and creation of a favourable public image of the enterprise encourage employers to offer fringe benefits rather than wages. On the other hand, interests of labour unions are to protect or to get an increase in thcic total pay package. Workers will prefer fringe benefits if, with their introduction, net income rises and savings are made by group purchases of some benefits. Thus, these benefits affect decision of labour supply and demand, and enhance welfare.

scholarly journals Recovery of the country’s economy from recession to stable growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-131
Author(s):  
Borys DUNAEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Net Income ◽  
The Government ◽  
Stable Growth

Since 2008 the economies of highly developed countries have not been able to get out of the financial crisis in twelve years, and have been in a state of depression and teetered on the brink of deflation. This crisis coincided in 2020 with the onset of the global recession in real gross domestic product (GDP) caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The state of the economy in Ukraine requires looking for ways and tools to overcome the crisis in the decline in GDP in the face of population decline and the ongoing global crisis. The growth of the Ukrainian economy is constrained by the tax burden, external debt and insufficient investment in productive capital. To ensure the stable development of the country’s economy, government regulation of the expanded reproduction of capital, which is available and which works in the manufacturing sector, is necessary. The main source of investment in the manufacturing sector is depreciation deductions from capital involved in production. With investments that are less than depreciation, only a narrowed reproduction of capital is possible, that is, capital is consumed. Anyone who uses depreciation deductions for other purposes destroys their own production. Investments in excess of depreciation charges are possible if there is a net investment. The government should regulate net investment at the rate of net income through incentive taxation. The capital that operates in the manufacturing sector can be regulated by the coefficient of consumer demand through existing incentives. With expanded reproduction of capital, inflationary self-regulation of market equilibrium through the central bank’s money circulation system and the rate of tax on production income, which is not more than the optimal rate, ensure constant growth of real GDP. Achieving the goal of overcoming the recession with the subsequent stable growth of GDP is possible with a state policy based on the current laws of the economy and private property rights.

scholarly journals Income Patterns of Woman Workers in Pakistan - A Case Study of the Urban Manufacturing Sector

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Asad Sayeed ◽  
Farhan Sami Khan ◽  
Sohail Javed
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors

The paper analyses the income patterns of women workers employed in the urban manufacturing sector of Pakistan. It examines the wage differentials across regions, manufacturing sectors and industrial categories including large scale factories, small-scale enterprises and home based work. The central conclusion is that wages of women workers across sectors and industry size vary because of differences in the capital-labour ratio and hence labour productivity. The paper determines the proportion of women earning above and below the legally mandated minimum wage, which differs significantly across formal and informal industries. Finally, the earnings of workers have been examined in the context of human capital accumulation.

The sources of heterogeneity in firm performance: lessons from Italy1

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Landini ◽  
Alessandro Arrighetti ◽  
Eleonora Bartoloni
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Firm Heterogeneity ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Strategic Responses ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Extensive Body

Abstract An extensive body of literature documents large and persistent within-industry heterogeneity of firm performance. While some authors explain such evidence in terms of input misallocation, we provide an alternative analytical framework that integrates insights from resource-based and institutional approaches. We interpret firms’ behaviour as the result of the interaction among exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous factors, both supply and demand related, define the opportunity set that is available to firms. Endogenous factors reflect instead firm-specific interpretations of such set, which, combined with the available resources and capabilities, determine a firm’s strategic responses, which can be markedly heterogeneous. Whenever the diversity of firm conducts is associated with relatively small profit differentials, firm heterogeneity can persist. Evidence based on the evolution of labour productivity and profit dispersion in the Italian manufacturing sector between the 1990s and early 2000s provides support for our interpretative framework.

scholarly journals The Role of Small-scale Industry in Pakistan's Economy and Government Incentives

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-807
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussain Malik ◽  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
The Government

Despite the recognition of the importance of small-scale industry, the Government of Pakistan's industrial policy has been biased in the past towards the large-scale manufacturing sector. The First Five Year Plan (1955-60) document states the significance of small-scale industry in the following words. Small industry has specific contributions to make to economic development. In the first place, it can contribute to the output of needed goods without requiring the organization of large new enterprises or the use of much foreign exchange to finance the import of new equipment. Secondly, it can provide opportunities for employment beyond the narrow boundaries of urban centres. Finally, as history shows, it can perform an important function in promoting growth, providing training ground for management and labour, and spreading industrial knowledge over wide areas [8, p. 471] .

scholarly journals An Income Distributing Optimization Model for Cooperative Operation among Different Types of Power Sellers Considering Different Scenarios

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenbo Yang ◽  
Zhongfu Tan ◽  
Liwei Ju ◽  
Hongyu Lin ◽  
Gejirifu De ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Net Income

To alleviate the shortcomings of large-scale grid connections for clean energy, which require stable thermoelectric units to provide backup services, a stable cooperative alliance among different energy types of power sellers must be established. Consequently, a reasonable method to distribute income is required, due to different contributions of each entity in the alliance. Therefore, this paper constructs a comprehensive correction algorithm for income distribution using an improved Shapely value method. We analyze the operating mode of the power seller, and establish the net income calculation model under both independent and alliance operations. We then establish an alliance operation optimization model that considers the constraints of unit output, as well as the balance between supply and demand, with the goal of maximizing income. Finally, an industrial park in a province of northern China is taken as an example to verify the model’s practicability and effectiveness. The results show that the power sales alliance can effectively promote clean energy consumption. The maximum reduction in thermal power generation and CO2 is 8510 MW and 684.515 tons, respectively. We apply the algorithm to income distribution and find that the thermal power seller’s income increased by ¥1,463,870, which enhances the stability of the alliance. Therefore, our income distributing optimization model guarantees the interests of each participant to the greatest extent, and serves as an important reference for income distribution.

Public Transportation and Social Movements: Learning from the Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Bill Protests

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110444
Author(s):  
Ho-Yin Chan ◽  
Hanxi Ma ◽  
Jiangping Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
The Public ◽  
Supply And Demand Shocks ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Government

In this article, we address the public transportation system’s resilience in social movements, which has been under-explored in transportation scholarship. On the one hand, public transportation enables mass mobilization of people and materials and large-scale public engagement in political/social events in transit-reliant cities like Hong Kong. On the other hand, public transportation can be an instrument for both the government and event participants—the former interferes with the public transportation service provision to manage and mitigate the adverse impacts of social movements it perceives on society, whereas the latter disrupt public transportation services or vandalize and damage related facilities to express their discontent and to put pressure on the former. The dynamic resilience of the public transportation system against the above backdrop warrants more in-depth exploration. We incorporate both supply and demand shocks to theorize resilience as a public transportation system’s capability to return to a new equilibrium between the supply and demand after a disturbance. The theoretical approach is illustrated using empirical data and publicly available materials concerning the 2019 Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill movement in Hong Kong.

Employment Aspects of Industrial Growth in West Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishrat Husain
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Elasticity Of Demand ◽  
The Third ◽  
Output Elasticity

Employment has been one of the major explicit objectives of all develop¬ment plans in Pakistan. The Third Five Year Plan estimated [3] that at least 255,000 additional employment opportunities would be created in West Pakistan in large-scale manufacturing sector. Although complete reliance on the date reported about employment in the C.M.I, is not recommended, the orders of magnitude can easily be seen. It appears from the statistics available that employment in this sector has increased by approximately 90,000-100,000 only during these eight years. The average annual rate of growth of employment between 1954-1959/60 was 16.8%, slightly higher than 15.6% annual rate of output growth but this rate declined to 3.1 % between 1959/60 and 1967/68 while output at factor cost rose by about 11.4%. The output elasticity of demand for labour thus works out to be 0.27 for this period. Implicit in these growth rates is the fact that labour productivity was increasing at an average of 8 % per year.

scholarly journals Evolution of State Policy Towards Labour Desertion in 1944-1945

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Belonogov Yury
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Government ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Working And Living Conditions

The object of scientific research was the evolution of legislation and its law enforcement practice with respect to the deserters from military industrial enterprises at the final stage of World War II. This evolution formally suggested an obvious change of emphasis in the penal policy of labour mobility control: from toughening law enforcement practices to realization of large-scale amnesties of workers who arbitrarily left their places of work.On the basis of the local archival materials the author analyzes practical implementation of innovations reflected in the Decree of the Government of the USSR of June 29, 1944 (change in the procedure for searching and punishing deserters; bringing economic leaders to criminal and party responsibility for non-compliance with the norms of the Decree of December 26, 1941; preventive measures aimed at improvement of working and living conditions). However, attempts of systemic improvement of existing legislation and its enforcement practices faced with certain institutional constraints existed due to the nomenclature organization of power and the supply and demand correlation in the labour market. The author sees the reasons for the amnesties in 1944‒1945 in the low efficiency of toughening punitive measures, excessively high administrative expenses in the process of the Decree of December 26, 1941 realization. It is mentioned that holding the amnesty did not change the substance of the legislation on criminal prosecution for unauthorized abandonment of the workplace of workbut was only the reaction of the state which defended the departmentinterests of the military industry people's commissariats concerning the provision of enterprises with labor force, the reaction to the poorly effective search for labor deserters.

Land Use Change and Commodity Frontiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Cáceres ◽  
Esteban Tapella ◽  
Diego A. Cabrol ◽  
Lucrecia Estigarribia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Management Recommendations

Argentina is experiencing an expansion of soya and maize cultivation that is pushing the agricultural frontier over areas formerly occupied by native Chaco forest. Subsistance farmers use this dry forest to raise goats and cattle and to obtain a broad range of goods and services. Thus, two very different and non-compatible land uses are in dispute. On the one hand subsistance farmers fostering an extensive and diversified forest use, on the other hand, large-scale producers who need to clear out the forest to sow annual crops in order to appropriate soil fertility. First, the paper looks at how these social actors perceive Chaco forest, what their interests are, and what kind of values they attach to it. Second, we analyze the social-environmental conflicts that arise among actors in order to appropriate forest’s benefits. Special attention is paid to the role played by the government in relation to: (a) how does it respond to the demands of the different sectors; and (b) how it deals with the management recommendations produced by scientists carrying out social and ecological research. To put these ideas at test we focus on a case study located in Western Córdoba (Argentina), where industrial agriculture is expanding at a fast pace, and where social actors’ interests are generating a series of disputes and conflicts. Drawing upon field work, the paper shows how power alliances between economic and political powers, use the institutional framework of the State in their own benefit, disregarding wider environmental and social costs. 

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