scholarly journals Mycorrhiza-improved P acquisition of host plants: A mini-review

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 062-067
Author(s):  
Guang-Ming Huang ◽  
Yong-Jie Xu ◽  
Qiang-Sheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
P Acquisition ◽  
Genes Expression

As a beneficial endophytic fungus, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed in nature and can symbiotically grow with approx. 80% of terrestrial plants, helping host plants to grow and develop with increased tolerance to various stresses. One of the most important functions of AMF is to promote the uptake of P from the soil by the host plant. The available findings explain the role of mycorrhizal fungi. For example, AMF increase the phosphorus uptake area of plant roots by improving the root architecture, and the extraradical mycelium can extend beyond the phosphorus-deprived areas that are inaccessible to the root, helping to expand new phosphorus sources. AMF also increase the secretion of phosphatases and organic acids in plant roots to improve the soil environment for accelerating the conversion of insoluble phosphorus. The phosphorus transporter protein genes expression is induced by AMF to enhance host P acquisition. The review briefly outlines these potential mechanisms and suggests outlooks for future research.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants Mediated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Cheng ◽  
Ying-Ning Zou ◽  
Kamil Kuča ◽  
Abeer Hashem ◽  
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Symbiotic Association

Plants are often subjected to various environmental stresses during their life cycle, among which drought stress is perhaps the most significant abiotic stress limiting plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, a group of beneficial soil fungi, can enhance the adaptability and tolerance of their host plants to drought stress after infecting plant roots and establishing a symbiotic association with their host plant. Therefore, AM fungi represent an eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. There is still a need, however, to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhancement of plant drought tolerance to ensure their effective use. AM fungi establish well-developed, extraradical hyphae on root surfaces, and function in water absorption and the uptake and transfer of nutrients into host cells. Thus, they participate in the physiology of host plants through the function of specific genes encoded in their genome. AM fungi also modulate morphological adaptations and various physiological processes in host plants, that help to mitigate drought-induced injury and enhance drought tolerance. Several AM-specific host genes have been identified and reported to be responsible for conferring enhanced drought tolerance. This review provides an overview of the effect of drought stress on the diversity and activity of AM fungi, the symbiotic relationship that exists between AM fungi and host plants under drought stress conditions, elucidates the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhanced drought tolerance in plants, and provides an outlook for future research.

scholarly journals Suppression of fungal and nematode plant pathogens through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros D. Veresoglou ◽  
Matthias C. Rillig
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Pathogen Suppression ◽  
Mycorrhizal Ecology

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi represent ubiquitous mutualists of terrestrial plants. Through the symbiosis, plant hosts, among other benefits, receive protection from pathogens. A meta-analysis was conducted on 106 articles to determine whether, following pathogen infection of AM-colonized plants, the identity of the organisms involved (pathogens, AM fungi and host plants) had implications for the extent of the AM-induced pathogen suppression. Data on fungal and nematode pathogens were analysed separately. Although we found no differences in AM effectiveness with respect to the identity of the plant pathogen, the identity of the AM isolate had a dramatic effect on the level of pathogen protection. AM efficiency differences with respect to nematode pathogens were mainly limited to the number of AM isolates present; by contrast, modification of the ability to suppress fungal pathogens could occur even through changing the identity of the Glomeraceae isolate applied. N-fixing plants received more protection from fungal pathogens than non-N-fixing dicotyledons; this was attributed to the more intense AM colonization in N-fixing plants. Results have implications for understanding mycorrhizal ecology and agronomic applications.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analytical Approach on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation Efficiency on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Murugesan Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts of higher plants which increase the growth and nutrient uptake of host plants. The primary objective was initiated based on analyzing the enormity of optimal effects upon AMF inoculation in a comparative bias between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants stipulated on plant biomass and nutrient uptake. Consequently, in accomplishing the above-mentioned objective a vast literature was collected, analyzed, and evaluated to establish a weighted meta-analysis irrespective of AMF species, plant species, family and functional group, and experimental conditions in the context of beneficial effects of AMF. I found a significant increase in the shoot, root, and total biomass by 36.3%, 28.5%, and, 29.7%, respectively. Moreover, mycorrhizal plants significantly increased phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium uptake by 36.3%, 22.1%, and 18.5%, respectively. Affirmatively upon cross-verification studies, plant growth parameters intensification was accredited to AMF (Rhizophagus fasciculatus followed by Funniliforme mosseae), plants (Triticum aestivum followed by Solanum lycopersicum), and plant functional groups (dicot, herbs, and perennial) were the additional vital important significant predictor variables of plant growth responses. Therefore, the meta-analysis concluded that the emancipated prominent root characteristics, increased morphological traits that eventually help the host plants for efficient phosphorus uptake, thereby enhancing plant biomass. The present analysis can be rationalized for any plant stress and assessment of any microbial agent that contributes to plant growth promotion.

scholarly journals The Phosphate Inhibition Paradigm: Host and Fungal Genotypes Determine Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization and Responsiveness to Inoculation in Cassava With Increasing Phosphorus Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alexander Peña Venegas ◽  
Soon-Jae Lee ◽  
Moses Thuita ◽  
Deusdedit Peter Mlay ◽  
Cargele Masso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
P Supply

A vast majority of terrestrial plants are dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for their nutrient acquisition. AMF act as an extension of the root system helping phosphate uptake. In agriculture, harnessing the symbiosis can potentially increase plant growth. Application of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis has been demonstrated to increase the yields of various crops. However, there is a paradigm that AMF colonization of roots, as well as the plant benefits afforded by inoculation with AMF, decreases with increasing phosphorus (P) supply in the soil. The paradigm suggests that when fertilized with sufficient P, inoculation of crops would not be beneficial. However, the majority of experiments demonstrating the paradigm were conducted in sterile conditions without a background AMF or soil microbial community. Interestingly, intraspecific variation in R. irregularis can greatly alter the yield of cassava even at a full application of the recommended P dose. Cassava is a globally important crop, feeding 800 million people worldwide, and a crop that is highly dependent on AMF for P uptake. In this study, field trials were conducted at three locations in Kenya and Tanzania using different AMF and cassava varieties under different P fertilization levels to test if the paradigm occurs in tropical field conditions. We found that AMF colonization and inoculation responsiveness of cassava does not always decrease with an increased P supply as expected by the paradigm. The obtained results demonstrate that maximizing the inoculation responsiveness of cassava is not necessarily only in conditions of low P availability, but that this is dependent on cassava and fungal genotypes. Thus, the modeling of plant symbiosis with AMF under different P levels in nature should be considered with caution.

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve root function and nutrient-use efficiency

2021 ◽  
pp. 493-530
Author(s):  
Tom Thirkell ◽  
◽  
Grace Hoysted ◽  
Ashleigh Elliott ◽  
Katie Field ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Demands ◽  
The Many

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form endosymbiosis with over 70 % of land plants, including most crops including cereals. These symbioses facilitate resource exchange between partners and can significantly increase plant nutrient uptake and growth, among other benefits. AMF ubiquity in agricultural soils, in addition to the many roles they are known to play in soil health, demands we consider them when discussing crop function. We discuss how AMF are capable of increasing crop acquisition of macro- and micronutrients. We examine further impacts that AMF have on root system architecture, and how this relates to nutrient acquisition. We highlight reasons why potential benefits of the symbiosis are often not realised and how this influences current perspectives on the utility of AMF. We also discuss aspects of modern agronomy practice which are deleterious to mycorrhizal functioning. Strategies are suggested by which mycorrhizas might be exploited in future highlighting future research priorities.

scholarly journals Mycorrhizal Fungi as Bioprotectors of Crops Against Verticillium Wilt—A Hypothetical Scenario Under Changing Environmental Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Nieves Goicoechea
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Amf Communities

The association that many crops can establish with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in soils can enhance the resistance of the host plants against several pathogens, including Verticillium spp. The increased resistance of mycorrhizal plants is mainly due to the improved nutritional and water status of crops and to enhanced antioxidant metabolism and/or increased production of secondary metabolites in the plant tissues. However, the effectiveness of AMF in protecting their host plants against Verticillium spp. may vary depending on the environmental factors. Some environmental factors, such as the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the availability of soil water and the air and soil temperatures, are predicted to change drastically by the end of the century. The present paper discusses to what extent the climate change may influence the role of AMF in protecting crops against Verticillium-induced wilt, taking into account the current knowledge about the direct and indirect effects that the changing environment can exert on AMF communities in soils and on the symbiosis between crops and AMF, as well as on the development, incidence and impact of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens.

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