Methods for increasing the hardness and wear resistance of economically alloyed high-strength steels for the manufacture of products operating in conditions of intense abrasive wear

A comprehensive overview of the structural factors on which the hardness of steel depends is presented, as well as methods of increasing the hardness and wear resistance of inexpensive, economically alloyed high-carbon steels suitable for operation in abrasive wear and high contact stresses are discussed. The mechanism of increasing the hardness of the material by multiple (cyclic) cold treatment of high-carbon steels hardened on martensite is considered. It is shown that quadruple cold treatment (with cooling to –70 °С) of rolls from cheap low-alloy steel 170Х2Ф increased their hardness from 58 – 59 HRC to 67 – 68 HRC, exceeding the indicators of the best foreign analogues. The possibilities of application of quenching with fast electric heating are described. It has been found that quenching of steel products with fast electric heating with high frequency currents (HFC), industrial frequency currents (IFC), passing electric current allows to increase their hardness on 2 – 4 units of HRC compared to quenching with relatively slow furnace heating. At the same time, the more dispersed the initial structure of ferrite-cementite mixture, the smaller the cementite plates in it, the greater the value of hardness increase during quenching with rapid electric heating. The effect of ultra-low tempering on the hardness of steel has been investigated, and it has been shown that in order to achieve high hardness of the material, it is desirable to use ultra-low tempering of high-carbon martensite at 100 – 140 °С, which contributes to the creation of nanoneodenicity on carbon, and allows to further increase hardness of low-alloy high-carbon steels by 1.5 – 2.0 units of HRC.

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High-carbon steel: microstructure and abrasive wear resistance of heat affected zone after welding with fast cooling

PROBLEMS OF TRIBOLOGY ◽

10.31891/2079-1372-2021-99-1-59-65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 59-65

Author(s):

M. Brykov ◽

◽

V. Efremenko ◽

M. Osipov ◽

A. Kapustyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Heat Affected Zone ◽

High Carbon Steel ◽

Base Material ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

High Wear Resistance ◽

Initial Structure ◽

High Carbon ◽

Fast Cooling

The goal of this work is to estimate the abrasive wear resistance of heat affected zone (HAZ) after welding high-carbon low-alloy steel 120Mn3Si2 with fast cooling. The following benchmark data were used: microstructures of HAZ of 120Mn3Si2 steel after welding with cooling in water; abrasive wear resistance of different microstructure constituents of 120Mn3Si2 steel in two-body abrasive wear conditions. It is shown that high abrasive wear resistance of material in HAZ is provided in the vicinity of fusion line. The reason is unstable retained austenite which appears in HAZ as a result of quenching at fast cooling right after welding. The wear resistance of material in HAZ is altered by microstructural changes from austenite to austenite+martensite and finally martensite. The martensitic zone is about 0.5 mm wide and it is followed by zone of tempering of initial structure of steel. Zone of tempering is 1.5-2.0 mm wide and is the only zone of low abrasive wear resistance in HAZ of 120Mn3Si2 steel welded with fast cooling. Welding of 120Mn3Si2 steel with fast cooling in water results in welding joints which have as high wear resistant as the base material or even higher. This enables manufacturing flat welded elements with high wear-resistance and large surface area

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Increasing the Abrasive Wear Resistance of High-Chromium Steel after Cold Treatment

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1157 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 1157-1162

Author(s):

Mikhail A. Filippov ◽

N. Ozerets ◽

S.M. Nikiforova ◽

E. Smagireva

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

High Temperature ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Residual Austenite ◽

Chromium Steel ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

High Carbon ◽

High Chromium ◽

Initial Hardness

Ways to increase the abrasive wear resistance of high-chromium steel depending on changes in the temperature of heating for quenching and cold treatment are studied in this paper. It was found that during quenching from temperatures of 850-1000 °C, martensite is formed in the structure of steel H12МFL, which provides high hardness: however, maximum abrasion resistance is not achieved in conditions of abrasive wear. An increase in the heating temperature for quenching to 1170 °C leads to a decrease in the initial hardness, which is due to the dissolution of carbides and an increase in the amount of residual austenite, but this is accompanied by a significant increase in wear resistance in abrasive wear. Residual austenite, obtained as a result of high-temperature hardening (from 1170 °C), is metastable and, in the process of wear, becomes a deformation-induced martensite. This gives the steel maximum wear resistance due to its high frictional hardening ability. A further increase in the temperature of heating for quenching above 1170 °C is inexpedient, since it leads to grain growth. Additional possibilities for increasing abrasive wear resistance consist of the cold treatment of high-carbon steels because of an increase in the amount of cooled martensite and an increase in the initial hardness. Cold treatment of the test steel after high-temperature quenching with cooling to minus 70 °C for 20 min and low tempering at a temperature of 200 °C for 2 h allows for further increases to the abrasion resistance by 25% due to the formation of 15% high-carbon chromic martensite cooling and initial hardness up to 60 НRC, with the preservation of 20% of residual metastable austenite and carbides.

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DOUBLE SEVEN

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0124 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Wear Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Cold Working ◽

High Hardness ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Heavy Duty ◽

High Carbon ◽

Die Steel ◽

High Chromium

Abstract DOUBLE SEVEN is an air hardening high-carbon high-chromium tool and die steel having high hardness and wear resistance. It is recommended for shear blades, cold working tools, and heavy duty dies. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-124. Producer or source: Edgar Allen & Company Ltd, Imperial Steel Works.

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BÖHLER K100

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Tool Steel ◽

Cold Work ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

High Carbon ◽

High Chromium ◽

Cold Work Tool Steel

Abstract Böhler K100 is a high-carbon, high-chromium (12%), alloy cold-work tool steel that is suitable for medium run tooling in applications where a very good abrasive wear resistance is needed but where demands on chipping resistance are small. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and machining. Filing Code: TS-788. Producer or source: voestalpine Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co.

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BÖHLER K107

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0799 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (9) ◽

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Cold Work ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

Tungsten Alloy ◽

High Carbon ◽

Cold Work Tool Steel ◽

Very High

Abstract Böhler K107 is a high-carbon (2.1%), 12% chromium. 0.7 % tungsten, alloy cold-work tool steel that is used in applications where a very high abrasive wear resistance is needed, but where demands on chipping resistance are small. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: TS-799. Producer or source: voestalpine Böhler Edelstahl GmbH&Co KG.

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Sintered High Carbon Steels: Effect of Thermomechanical Treatments on their Mechanical and Wear Performance

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.271 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 591-593 ◽

pp. 271-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.A. Martinez ◽

R. Calabrés ◽

J. Abenojar ◽

Francisco Velasco

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Wear Resistance ◽

Powder Metallurgy ◽

Thermomechanical Treatment ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Carbon Steels ◽

Tool Steels ◽

High Carbon ◽

Wear Performance ◽

Metallographic Study

In this work, ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCS) obtained by powder metallurgy with CIP and argon sintered at 1150°C. Then, they were rolled at 850 °C with a reduction of 40 %. Finally, steels were quenched at 850 and 1000 °C in oil. In each step, hardness, bending strength and wear performance were evaluated. Obtained results are justified with a metallographic study by SEM. Both mechanical properties and wear resistance are highly favoured with the thermomechanical treatment that removes the porosity of the material. Moreover, final quenching highly hardens the material. The obtained material could be used as matrix for tool steels.

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The Effect of Processes Parameters on the Abrasive Wear Resistance of Boronized AISI 1050 Steel

Volume 14: Emerging Technologies; Materials: Genetics to Structures; Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis ◽

10.1115/imece2016-65354 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Mete Han Boztepe ◽

Melih Bayramoglu

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Mesh Size ◽

High Hardness ◽

High Strength ◽

Constant Load ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

Wear Testing ◽

Wear Properties ◽

Pin On Disk

Boronizing is one of the thermochemical surface treatment processes which is extensively used to obtain excellent mechanical properties such as high strength, very high hardness, good toughness and fracture toughness. In this study, AISI 1050 steel specimens have been subjected to pack boronizing process by using Ekabor 2 powder within the stainless steel seal container. The experiments were carried out at temperatures of 800 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C for 3, 6 and 9 hours to investigate the effect of these parameters on the wear resistance of boronized specimens. Pin-on-Disk wear testing is used to characterize wear properties of boronized specimens. Wear tests were performed at dry conditions under constant load of 30 N by using 220 mesh size Al2O3 abrasive paper. Different rotating speeds of the pin-on disk were selected as 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 revolutions for each of the test specimens. After the abrasive tests, weight losses of the specimens were measured to determine the abrasive wear resistance of boronized specimens. The results were also compared with unboronized and conventional hardened AISI 1050 steel specimens respectively.

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UDDEHOLM SVERKER 3

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.ts0797 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (8) ◽

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Abrasive Wear ◽

Cold Work ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽

Tungsten Alloy ◽

High Carbon ◽

Long Run ◽

Cold Work Tool Steel

Abstract Uddeholm Sverker 3 is a high-carbon, chromium-tungsten, alloy cold-work tool steel. It is suitable for medium and long run tooling in applications where a very good abrasive wear resistance is needed. Uddeholm Sverker 3 contains large carbides, which are advantageous for abrasive wear resistance but which reduce chipping resistance. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and compressive strength. It also includes information on heat treating. Filing Code: TS-797. Producer or Source: Uddeholms AB.

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Interface and Wear Resistance of High Frequency Induction Remelted Ni-Based WC Coating

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.509 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 105-106 ◽

pp. 509-512

Author(s):

Hong Xia Zhang ◽

Cheng Luo ◽

Hong Li Zhao ◽

Shu Bing Hu

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

High Frequency ◽

Composite Coatings ◽

Wear Test ◽

Carbon Steels ◽

Coated Sample ◽

High Carbon ◽

Before And After ◽

Elemental Diffusion ◽

High Frequency Induction

Ni-based WC composite coatings conducted on the surface of 45 steels by free spraying followed with high frequency induction remelting were investigated. The influences of induction remelting time on properties of the coating were discussed. The wear resistance of the coating and the elemental diffusion cross the interface between the coatings and the substrate were analyzed. The compositions and microstructure of the coating before and after a wear test were characterized by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The results indicate that a coating which is free from crackers and pores composed of Ni-based solid solution and dispersed tungsten carbide is obtained by free spraying and induction remelting. The interface is a white lamellar zone. The mutual diffusion of iron and nickel in the interface proves it’s an atomic bonding between the substrate and the coating. The wear mechanisms of the coated sample are abrasive wear and microplowing. The wear resistance of Ni-based WC composite coatings is superior to that of quenched high carbon steels.

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