scholarly journals Pain as a Clinical Factor and Experimental Variable in Research Rodents

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 441-442
Author(s):  
Mark A Suckow ◽  
Patricia V Turner
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Clinical Factor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Comparative Medicine ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

It is broadly accepted that, as part of the humane care and use of animals in research, the pain experienced by animals should be minimized to the extent possible, consistent with the goals of the research. In some cases, pain may be the subject under study, whereas in other cases, the use of some types of analgesics may interfere with the experimental objectives of the work. This issue of Comparative Medicine provides reviews related to the recognition and treatment of pain, the interaction of pain and pain relief on experimental outcomes, and ethical perspectives on the need to reduce pain in research rodents, whenever possible.

scholarly journals The Linearity of the Visual Analogue Scale in Patients with Severe Acute Pain

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Myles ◽  
N. Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Linear Scale ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Scale Properties

The visual analogue scale (VAS) is a standard measurement tool in pain research and clinical practice, and has been shown to have linear scale properties for mild to moderate pain. Our aim was to evaluate the scaling properties of the VAS in subjects with severe acute pain. After Ethics Committee approval we studied 22 patients and asked them to rate the severity of their pain on a 100 mm VAS at the initial assessment (VAS1), and again after administration of analgesic medication. The subject was asked to nominate when they considered their pain intensity had halved, and at this time they were asked to rate this on a second VAS (VAS0.5). When the subject had received satisfactory relief of their pain, they were asked to describe how much their pain had been relieved and were then asked to rate their final pain state using a third VAS (VASfinal). The mean (SD) scores were VAS1 84 (14) (range 56–100), VAS0.5 42 (13) and VASfinal 21 (16). The mean (95% CI) for VASratio was 0.51 (0.45–0.57). The mean (SD) patients’ estimate of pain relief was 77 (21)% from that of baseline, with a mean (SD) VASfinal 0.26 (0.20), 95% CI 0.17–0.38. The correlation of the patients’ estimate of pain relief with the VASfinal was r=0.89, rho=0.87, both P<0.001. The VAS is a linear scale in subjects with severe acute pain. Changes in the VAS score represent a relative change in the magnitude of pain sensation.

scholarly journals KAJIAN ETIKA ISLAM

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Sain Hanafi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Environmental Stewardship ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Moral Awareness ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

Moral awareness is a sense of self that feels good and bad, which is able to distinguish halal and haram, and rights and vanity. Man understands with his deeds. The human being as the subject realizes that he is dealing with his deed now, before, during and after the work is done. This article aims to expose ethics in Islam that is described in ethics towards God, man, and the natural environment. Ethics of God is based on moral law through gratitude to Him. Unlike ethics to man, the nature of his freedom becomes a moral creature that always interact to achieve happiness as the ultimate goal of ethics. In ethics on the environment, attitudes, actions, and ethical perspectives and management of environmental stewardship and all members of the ecosystem are indispensable.

scholarly journals The Social, Professional, and Legal Framework for the Problem of Pain Management in Emergency Medicine

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Integrated Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Effective Pain Relief

The problem of harmful, unnecessary and neglected pain has been studied extensively in many health care settings over the past decade. Research has documented the incidence of untreated pain, and scholars and advocates have given the problem several names: “public health crisis,” “oligoanalgesia, and “moral failing,” among them. Articles have identified a litany of now familiar “obstacles” or “barriers” to effective pain relief. Each of these individual obstacles or barriers has been the subject of targeted remedial action in at least some context.The checklist approach to improving care for patients in pain, however, is likely to have only limited effect. What really appears to be operating is a complex ecosystem that supports ambivalence, denial, and even suspicion of the circumstance of patients in pain and efforts to treat them. Pain relief in emergency medicine, a relatively new setting for the study of challenges to treating pain, provides a revealing context for viewing discrete obstacles to effective pain management in medicine as part of an integrated environment into which patients with pain enter for treatment.

scholarly journals Arteriovenous malformation in the cerebellopontine angle presenting as trigeminal neuralgia

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo C. Figueiredo ◽  
Mario Brock A. Mattos de Oliveira Jr ◽  
A. Prill
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformation ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
The Subject

A case of arteriovenous malformation of the left cerebellopontine angle causing symptoms of ipsilateral trigeminal neuralgia is reported. Pain relief followed microsurgical removal of the malformation. The authors review the literature on the subject.

Savages, Drunks, and Lab Animals: The Researcher's Perception of Pain

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Research Protocol ◽  
Similar Tendency ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

AbstractHistorically, treatment for pain relief has varied according to the social status of the sufferer. A similar tendency to make arbitrary distinctions affecting pain relief was found in an ethnographic study of animal research laboratories. The administration of pain-relieving drugs for animals in laboratories differed from standard practice for humans and, perhaps, for companion animals. Although anesthesia was used routinely for surgical procedures, its administration was sometimes haphazard. Analgesics, however, were rarely used. Most researchers had never thought about using analgesics and did not consider the subject worthy of serious attention. Scientists interviewed for this study agreed readily that animals are capable offeeling pain, but such assertions were muted by an overriding view of lab animals as creatures existing solely for the purposes of research. As a result, it was the exceptional scientist who was able to focus on anything about the animal's subjective experience that might lie outside the boundaries of the research protocol.

Words

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327
Author(s):  
Colbert Searles
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Subject

THE germ of that which follows came into being many years ago in the days of my youth as a university instructor and assistant professor. It was generated by the then quite outspoken attitude of colleagues in the “exact sciences”; the sciences of which the subject-matter can be exactly weighed and measured and the force of its movements mathematically demonstrated. They assured us that the study of languages and literature had little or nothing scientific about it because: “It had no domain of concrete fact in which to work.” Ergo, the scientific spirit was theirs by a stroke of “efficacious grace” as it were. Ours was at best only a kind of “sufficient grace,” pleasant and even necessary to have, but which could, by no means ensure a reception among the elected.

Artificial satellite orbit computations

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 363-371
Author(s):  
P. Sconzo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Satellite Orbit ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Orbital Elements ◽  
Differential Correction ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Introductory Discussion ◽  
Orbit Computation

In this paper an orbit computation program for artificial satellites is presented. This program is operational and it has already been used to compute the orbits of several satellites.After an introductory discussion on the subject of artificial satellite orbit computations, the features of this program are thoroughly explained. In order to achieve the representation of the orbital elements over short intervals of time a drag-free perturbation theory coupled with a differential correction procedure is used, while the long range behavior is obtained empirically. The empirical treatment of the non-gravitational effects upon the satellite motion seems to be very satisfactory. Numerical analysis procedures supporting this treatment and experience gained in using our program are also objects of discussion.

C. Wire Cabling for Telescope Systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 159-161
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
Data Multiplexing

Rule: I'd like at this point to bring up the subject of cables and wireways around the telescope. We've touched upon this twice during previous sessions: the cable wrap up problem, the communications problem, and data multiplexing problem. I think we'll ask Bill Baustian if he will give us a brief run down on what the electrical run problems are, besides doubling the system every year.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Direct Observations of the Epitaxial Growth of Sputtered Ag on Si

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
J. S. Maa ◽  
Thos. E. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
In Situ Electron Microscopy ◽  
Beam Sputtering ◽  
The Subject

The growth of Ag films deposited on various substrate materials such as MoS2, mica, graphite, and MgO has been investigated extensively using the in situ electron microscopy technique. The three stages of film growth, namely, the nucleation, growth of islands followed by liquid-like coalescence have been observed in both the vacuum vapor deposited and ion beam sputtered thin films. The mechanisms of nucleation and growth of silver films formed by ion beam sputtering on the (111) plane of silicon comprise the subject of this paper. A novel mode of epitaxial growth is observed to that seen previously.The experimental arrangement for the present study is the same as previous experiments, and the preparation procedure for obtaining thin silicon substrate is presented in a separate paper.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document