Savages, Drunks, and Lab Animals: The Researcher's Perception of Pain

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary T. Phillips

AbstractHistorically, treatment for pain relief has varied according to the social status of the sufferer. A similar tendency to make arbitrary distinctions affecting pain relief was found in an ethnographic study of animal research laboratories. The administration of pain-relieving drugs for animals in laboratories differed from standard practice for humans and, perhaps, for companion animals. Although anesthesia was used routinely for surgical procedures, its administration was sometimes haphazard. Analgesics, however, were rarely used. Most researchers had never thought about using analgesics and did not consider the subject worthy of serious attention. Scientists interviewed for this study agreed readily that animals are capable offeeling pain, but such assertions were muted by an overriding view of lab animals as creatures existing solely for the purposes of research. As a result, it was the exceptional scientist who was able to focus on anything about the animal's subjective experience that might lie outside the boundaries of the research protocol.

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhou ◽  
Xiangyi Li

We consider cross-space consumption as a form of transnational practice among international migrants. In this paper, we develop the idea of the social value of consumption and use it to explain this particular form of transnationalism. We consider the act of consumption to have not only functional value that satisfies material needs but also a set of nonfunctional values, social value included, that confer symbolic meanings and social status. We argue that cross-space consumption enables international migrants to take advantage of differences in economic development, currency exchange rates, and social structures between countries of destination and origin to maximize their expression of social status and to perform or regain social status. Drawing on a multisited ethnographic study of consumption patterns in migrant hometowns in Fuzhou, China, and in-depth interviews with undocumented Chinese immigrants in New York and their left-behind family members, we find that, despite the vulnerabilities and precarious circumstances associated with the lack of citizenship rights in the host society, undocumented immigrants manage to realize the social value of consumption across national borders and do so through conspicuous consumption, reciprocal consumption, and vicarious consumption in their hometowns even without being physically present there. We conclude that, while cross-space consumption benefits individual migrants, left-behind families, and their hometowns, it serves to revive tradition in ways that fuel extravagant rituals, drive up costs of living, reinforce existing social inequality, and create pressure for continual emigration.


PMLA ◽  
1926 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Hall Gerould

An uncertainty as to the social position of franklins in general, and of Chaucer's Franklin in particular, has occasionally manifested itself since the early part of the nineteenth century. In 1810, Todd quoted an elaborate note from Waterhous's Commentary on Sir John Fortescue's De Laudibus Legum Angliae, which tended to show that franklins did not belong to the gentry. Todd was unable to square this with the fact that (Chaucer's Franklin was “at sessiouns,” since by a statute of Edward III, which he cited, justices were seigneurs, and that he was “ofte tyme” a knight of the shire, since by another statute members of parliament were “chivalers et serjantz des meulz vaues du paies.”) Todd was thus left in doubt as to the gentility of the Franklin. As a later examination of Fortescue's remarks will show, it is not he but his commentator who must be blamed for lowering the status of Chaucer's sanguine country gentleman. If Todd had been of firmer mind, or if he had studied the subject more deeply, he would not have left the matter in doubt—a trap for unwary feet in later times.


2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stronge

The paper posits an intervention in current debates around ‘method making’ in the social sciences, drawing on the experience of undertaking an ethnographic study of a community mental health team in East London. Theoretical recourse is made to the process philosophy of A.N. Whitehead and to the enduring provenance of the problem of ‘suggestion’ in the history of medicine and psychology. These offer rich and provocative theoretical resources with which to rethink the interpenetration of subject and object and ‘feeling’ and ‘finding’. Whitehead's work provides a general philosophical framework whereby the ongoing subjective experience of the researcher can no longer be sharply demarcated from the ‘data’ encountered. Meanwhile the adoption of a ‘register of suggestion’ opens up insights into the inevitably selective and singular character of any given methodological procedure. It maintains the importance of affective factors at the forefront of analysis, and brings into focus the parts played by indeterminacy and risk in the research event.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Humera Naz

The status and rights of women in the society is all time favorite subject of discussion among scholars. Islam not only presented comprehensive and fundamental rules and guidance for the social status and position of women but it also determines their field of life. In addition, with all rights are bestowed to women, which provide her chances to go forward in struggle of life. Indeed, Islam recognizes the principle of equality in all important matter of life but it does not ignore the physical and psychological differences of men and women. It gives them rights in accordance with the responsibilities in their respective fields, so that they would benefit the society as per their capabilities. Therefore an important subject regarding the women's right is "the equal participation of women in state affairs." The subject has divided our schools of thought in two groups; one is not ready to accept the participation of women in state affairs while other believes in same field of action for both men and women. However, there are clear instructions in Quran regarding the matter, according to which there is no difference between the civil rights of men and women however keeping in view the natural difference of both genders. Islam determines the rights and duties of both genders separately so that they would use spiritual and physical capabilities accordingly, to play an important role in progress and development of society.


2006 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 167-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sells ◽  
Jong-Bok Kim

Abstract. Honorification in Korean elevates the social status of a participant in a clause with respect to the subject and/or the hearer. Honorific marking may occur as a nominal suffix, a special honor-ific form of a noun, an honorific case particle, an honorific marker on a verb, or a special honorific form of a verb. Previous accounts have proposed a specification [HON +], with unmarked forms typically being [HON -]. Our key idea is that honorific forms introduce a dimension of meaning, the expressive meaning of Potts (2005), which is privative, and hence simply absent from all non-honorific forms. All previous accounts fail with regard to three types of fact: first, the different expressions of 'honor-ification' do not mean exactly the same thing. Second, multiple expressions of honorific marking within the same clause progressively elevates the social status of the referent: the effect is cumula-tive. Third, under the traditional analysis, some nouns have to be given a spurious and ultimately inconsistent ambiguity. We further argue that it is mistaken to consider honorific marking to be 'agreement' between, say, a subject and a verb. This position puts us in contrast with all of the syn-tactic literature on Korean (and Japanese), and some of the semantic and pragmatic literature.


Author(s):  
Maria Georgeta Ghiță ◽  
Carolina Perjan

„Affectivity is the phenomenon of resonance of the world in the subject and that occurs in the measure and measure of the resonant devices of the subject and is also the expressive vibration of the social subject in his world, an inner existential melody that erupts in action and reorganizes the world. only subjective experience, but also evaluative communication, is not only a subjective, vector dynamic-energetic function, but also an affective behavior"[3]. Affective states are "feelings that express the degree of concordance or inconsistency between an object or a situation and our tendencies" [1]. One of the definitions of affectivity says that it is a sum of subjective psychic feelings - emotions, moods, feelings and passions - that reflect man's relationships with the world around him and that give color, the substance of everything we think and do. Affectivity is a basic component of the human psyche, there is practically no psychic process (memory, sensation, thought, motivation) that is not closely related to an emotional experience or vice versa. We could say that inner mental processes but also behaviors are determined by emotional feelings and / or triggeremotions, feelings, moods or passions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (33) ◽  
pp. e16402
Author(s):  
Inna Lipnytska ◽  
Iryna Savchenko ◽  
Inna Halak ◽  
Iryna Hryhorenko ◽  
Tetiana Bykova

The purpose of the article is to study the sources and pedagogical interpretation of the "women's question". The subject of the research is the “women's question” and its artistic realization in the novels of Marko Vovchok. The analysis of the problem was carried out by integrating the traditional methods of Russian comparative historical literary criticism with new approaches to world literary criticism - gender, sociocultural, postcolonial, and feminist. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the pedagogical views on the "women's issue" in the writer were formed and developed under the influence of communication with the Ukrainian and European intelligentsia of the 19th century. The progressive part of the intelligentsia of the second half of the XIX - early XX century advocated a change in the social status of women. Representatives of public and pedagogical opinion believed that a woman can not only be a mother, wife, housewife, she is capable of self-realization in other areas of society, for which she needs a decent education. The journalistic work on this problem of women with a possible comparative characterization of the regions of some European countries, which in the period under study were part of the Austro-Hungarian empires, deserves further study


2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-105
Author(s):  
Olga A. Zadorozhnyaya

Merchants as the main subject of the business world of the Russian state in the last quarter of the 18th first part of the 19th centuries. was distinguished by ambiguity: on the one hand, its social status corresponded to national legislation, on the other hand, it was distinguished by regional characteristics. The subject of the research is the social gradation and the identification of the leading group of the merchant class of the Tobolsk province in the last quarter of the 18th first part of the 19th centuries: determining the principles of its separation and existence. The purpose of the article is to highlight the features of the group of hereditary merchants as the leading sub-class of the Tobolsk province (last quarter of the 18th first quarter of the 19th centuries) Methods. In preparing this work, we developed a research algorithm, which consisted in determining the total number of the merchant class of the Tobolsk province (610 separate surnames), which were divided using the historical-comparative method and the modeling method into separate social subgroups. Results: the research illustrates the heterogeneity of the guild merchants of the cities of the Tobolsk province in the last quarter of the 18th first part of the 19th centuries. as a participant in the business world of Western Siberia. Conclusions: There is traced the dependence of the social status of the merchant not so much on the size of the capital, but on the length of stay in the hereditary merchant. The Siberian merchant was distinguished in many ways by his isolation and practicality during his stay in the guild organization. At the same time, representatives of the leading sub-class preferred transit trade on the border with China or at all-Russian fairs. In this case, the merchant must be known both in his hometown and abroad for his commercial and social activities. Considering that the capital belonged to a merchant family, therefore, its members were distributed among various fields of activity. Thus, the trading class of the Tobolsk province had many common features, but due to internal gradation it was distinguished by fluidity, a clear division of responsibilities, and capital differentiation. Hereditary merchants represented a separate social subgroup, in which the title of merchant ... was preferred to everything in the world.


2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra H. Johnson

The problem of harmful, unnecessary and neglected pain has been studied extensively in many health care settings over the past decade. Research has documented the incidence of untreated pain, and scholars and advocates have given the problem several names: “public health crisis,” “oligoanalgesia, and “moral failing,” among them. Articles have identified a litany of now familiar “obstacles” or “barriers” to effective pain relief. Each of these individual obstacles or barriers has been the subject of targeted remedial action in at least some context.The checklist approach to improving care for patients in pain, however, is likely to have only limited effect. What really appears to be operating is a complex ecosystem that supports ambivalence, denial, and even suspicion of the circumstance of patients in pain and efforts to treat them. Pain relief in emergency medicine, a relatively new setting for the study of challenges to treating pain, provides a revealing context for viewing discrete obstacles to effective pain management in medicine as part of an integrated environment into which patients with pain enter for treatment.


2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Susan L. Slocum

Abstract This chapter presents an ethnographic study of female vendors at a Texas Renaissance festival. Ethnography provides a lens through which the systematic study of the people and cultures is undertaken from the point of view of the subject of the study. The author lived and worked with these women for 8 weeks and conducted 12 interviews during that time frame. While not all interviews included women, this chapter presents the subset of data related to gender identities, business responsibilities, and diverse cultural norms of the women operating within the Renaissance festival community. The goal of this chapter is to deconstruct the complex relationship between women as modern agents and the perceptions of historical narratives of a woman's place in community and business. As a first step in understanding female vendors, negotiated identity, and the social constructions that fuel event participation, this chapter encourages future research into the relationship between event success and vendor relationships, as well as the role of women as entrepreneurs and actors on the event stage.


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