Supporters, the forgotten chain in Asian football: fandom in the Chinese Super League and the Australian A League

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Jorge Dorfman Knijnik
Keyword(s):  
Professional Football ◽  
Real Power ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Physical Energy ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
European Football ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
Super League

The Australian League (A-League) and the Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) have both only been established for just over a decade. However, since their earliest years, their teams have attracted passionate fans. These fans dedicate a great deal of emotional and physical energy to supporting their teams and actively disdain the intense commodification that is embedded in these professional football competitions. Both sets of supporters “fanatically” strive to impress the opposition with vivid animated performances which include songs, chants, flags and massive colourful banners. In doing so, both the Chinese and the Australian fans are in fact mimicking their European ultras counterparts. This paper analyses the origins of the ultras movement in European football and seeks to relate this movement to the Chinese and the Australian active fans. Then, using data collected on the football stands of both countries, combined with a content analysis of the fans’ social media channels, it explores some of the similarities and differences between both groups. It concludes by questioning whether the football fans in Australia and China will have any real power in the corporate and political contexts of Asian football or if their call against “modern football” will remain just a folkloric gesture without any significant political consequences.

The Effects of Race on Professional Football Players' Compensation

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Using Data

Using data on 1,363 NFL players from the 1989 season, the author examines the issue of racial discrimination in professional football. He finds that the difference between white and black players' earnings, with controls for performance and other variables, is small (at most, 4%, favoring whites) and, in most equations, not significantly different from zero. Another finding, however, is that the salaries of white and nonwhite players vary positively with the percentages of whites and nonwhites, respectively, in the metropolitan area in which the team is based —suggesting that some football fans prefer to watch players of their own race, and team owners are willing to pay more to players who, because of their race, will attract a larger audience and bring in greater revenue.

scholarly journals Measuring the Efficiency of Football Clubs Using Data Envelopment Analysis: Empirical Evidence From Spanish Professional Football

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824402198925
Author(s):  
Isidoro Guzmán-Raja ◽  
Manuela Guzmán-Raja
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Efficiency Measure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Using Data

Professional football clubs have a special characteristic not shared by other types of companies: their sport performance (on the field) is important, in addition to their financial performance (off the field). The aim of this paper is to calculate an efficiency measure using a model that combines performance (sport and economic) based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). The main factors affecting teams’ efficiency levels are investigated using cluster analysis. For a sample of Spanish football clubs, the findings indicate that clubs achieved a relatively high efficiency level for the period studied, and that the oldest teams with the most assets had the highest efficiency scores. These results could help club managers to improve the performance of their teams.

scholarly journals And this is what we sing – what do we sing? Exploring the football fan songs of the Northern Irish ‘Green and White Army’

2020 ◽  
pp. 101269022097971
Author(s):  
John Bell ◽  
Paul Bell
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Northern Irish ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
European Football ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Football Stadium

This paper draws upon digital recordings of Northern Ireland football fans singing in the stadium during all 10 qualifying matches for the 2016 UEFA European Football Championship. Supplemented by participant observation and interview data with 21 supporters themselves, the paper challenges assertions within the literature which focus upon the predominance of sectarian singing amongst a section of Northern Ireland football supporters. Although vocal manifestations of football fandom may initially appear to be randomly driven by irrational emotions, on the contrary, there is an underlying structure and sequence to fandom in the stadium in which certain factors promote collective singing at particular times. The paper identifies four key themes in particular: the timing in a match; whether or not a goal has been scored; if there is a lull or a break in play; and the use of musical instruments to encourage the wider collective to sing. We argue that it is important to understand the process by which collective singing occurs in the football stadium rather than fixating upon the alleged racist or sectarian psychopathology of the individuals involved. Such knowledge may assist in supporting those fan organisations that seek to challenge discriminatory behaviour in the stadium, particularly in the current context of the European (UEFA) and World football governing bodies (FIFA) punishing fans collectively, regardless of whether or not the majority in the stadium are opposed to what is being sung in their name.

Kartellrechtliche Zulässigkeit von Superligen im Fußball

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Cukurov
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
European Football ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Super League

The creation of a European football super league is becoming more and more likely. Some top clubs want to introduce such a league without involving the UEFA. The UEFA wants to prevent this in order to keep its tournaments free of competition. This conflict of interest is an example of the more general tension between competition law and sport. The author examines not only UEFA’s prevention measures, but also possible cooperation between the clubs. Among other things, he addresses two topics that have been insufficiently discussed so far, the concept of legitimate objective within the meaning of the so-called Meca-Medina test and the competitive balance before and after the creation of a super league, and argues for the implementation of a “more Europe” approach in European football.

No Football Fans, Just Football Intellectuals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Berrett
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Football Fans

This chapter explores how official National Football League publications encouraged and attempted to manage a range of interpretations of professional football. These books set out a playing field and opened it for discussion. Even as liberal social observers worried about pro football’s rising appeal, conservatives celebrated its meritocratic traditionalism, radicals found it terrifying, and journalists increasingly made fun of its pretentions to gravitas, David Boss’s books conveyed the broad notion that football mattered in the broader culture and was worthy of serious intellectual consideration. Without centering on a particular meaning, they emphasized the idea that football mattered in the wider culture.

The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 662-668
Author(s):  
Bo Han ◽  
Qiu Chen ◽  
Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽  
Changquan Wang ◽  
Tianbiao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Research Result ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Super League

With the development and advancement of technology, various types of high-tech auxiliary equipment have been gradually introduced into football matches to assist referees to officiate the game. The Chinese football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the introduction of VAR on football matches and on referees’ performance. This study compared the data of all 240 games without VAR in the season 2017 and all 240 games with VAR in the season 2018 using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and means comparison. The following match variables were considered: goals, penalties, red cards, yellow cards, fouls, offsides, playing time in the first half, playing time in the second half and total playing time. The study found that: 1) After the introduction of VAR, the number of offsides and fouls in the Chinese Super League dropped significantly (p < .001); 2) the playing time in the first and second half and the total playing time increased significantly(p < .001); 3) after the introduction of VAR, the home team advantage decreased slightly. The research result can help to better understand the impact of VAR on professional football, especially on the Chinese football Super League, it can also help referees to optimize their refereeing strategy.

Nigeria, Football, and the Return of Lord Lugard

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuka Onwumechili
Keyword(s):  
Frame Analysis ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Satellite Television ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Football Fans ◽  
The Media ◽  
European Football ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

This qualitative research investigated the meaning of the European football leagues’ domination of the Nigerian football market. It finds that the media use a frame of “Nigeria as colony” to report football. In essence, the media interpret Europe as center of modern football and Nigeria as periphery. The study uses 2 methods: (a) a frame analysis of 2 daily sports newspapers, 1 national daily newspaper, and a satellite television sports channel and (b) in-depth interviews of 10 Nigerian football fans. Each complementary method helps confirm results obtained by the other. The frame analysis discovers 4 themes and the interviews found 5 related themes. Each theme logically links to the archetype frame of Nigeria as colony. The results of the study confirm valence framing, demonstrating the impact of the frame on Nigerian sports fans.

Exploring the Measurement Quality of an Attitudinal Scale of Street Code-Related Violence: Similarities and Differences Across Groups and Contexts

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrance J. Taylor ◽  
Finn-Aage Esbensen ◽  
Bradley T. Brick ◽  
Adrienne Freng
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Measurement Quality ◽  
Code Of The Streets ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Demographic Subgroups

Elijah Anderson’s ‘‘code of the streets’’ has received considerable attention as a promising approach to understanding youths violence. One area which has received scant attention, however, is the measurement quality of the street code concept. Using data collected from more than 3,300 middle school youths residing in seven geographically and demographically diverse U.S. cities between 2007 and 2009, the authors seek to answer the following questions: (a) What are the psychometric properties of the attitudes toward street code-related violence scale (in terms of dimensionality and internal consistency) across demographic subgroups (i.e., race/ethnicity, sex, and age groups) and social contexts (i.e., cities)? and (b) To what extent does the level of acceptance of the attitudes associated with street code-related violence vary across demographic subgroups and social contexts? Results illustrate that the scale performs similarly across groups and contexts, but the actual level of acceptance of street code-related violence varies considerably.

Cultural Similarities and Differences in Relationship Goals in Intercultural Romantic Couples

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2092907
Author(s):  
Ana Laura Fonseca ◽  
Tony Ye ◽  
Melissa Curran ◽  
Jill Koyama ◽  
Emily A. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Relationship Functioning ◽  
Interpersonal Processes ◽  
Romantic Couples ◽  
Intercultural Couples ◽  
Perceived Responsiveness ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Using Data

Intercultural romantic relationships and multicultural families have increased in the United States and worldwide. Researchers have found that intercultural couples report high rates of conflict and relationship instability, which may be partly explained by differences between partners in relationship goals (e.g., how much intimacy is desired and how to approach conflict). Using data from 40 intercultural couples (N = 80), we test whether greater similarity in relationship goals between romantic partners is related to greater perceived partner responsiveness and, thereby, greater relationship quality. By means of Bayesian analyses, our results suggest that similarity of relationship goals is associated with both perceived responsiveness and relationship quality, but without evidence of mediation. Our results show that cultural similarities and differences exist in relationship goals in intercultural couples, and they are connected to relationship functioning. This information can be used to assist clinicians in understanding the interpersonal processes that make-up healthy relationship functioning in intercultural couples.

Comparative Analysis of Traditional Polling and Profiling Using Big Data Analysis and Geolocalization Data on the Example of Research Among Sports Fans Participating in the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
Jakub Ryśnik ◽  
Danuta Żylak ◽  
Piotr Gibas
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Sports Fans ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
European Football ◽  
Using Data ◽  
External Entity

Purpose. The aim of the paper was multifaceted comparison of two research procedures used to study tourism demand, i.e. classic poll survey and the analysis of smartphone user data using Big Data Analysis (BDA). The aim of the paper was also to review of potential analysis forms that can be performed using data from smartphone users that also contains geolocalization data. Method. The essence of the research study is comparative analysis of two different research methodologies used during the examination of the sports fans of the U21 European Football Championship in Tychy in June 2017. Selected organisational aspects of these studies and the advantages and disadvantages of the research procedures were compared. The study on tourism demand was carried out in two ways. In the first approach, the classic poll method was used in order to survey the tourists at the destination place. The authors conducted a survey with the modified MSSC scale (Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption) on 278 spectators (targeted choice). The results were confronted with the analysis of smartphone users' data (including geolocalization data) using BDA, which was carried out ex-post by an external entity on behalf of AWF Katowice. Findings. The analysis of research procedures brought forward a number of conclusions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the applied research approaches and allows to estimate the potential of using BDA within the context of tourism demand research. The research analysis gives reasons to revise the classical methodological paradigm on the relatively high costs and difficulties associated with comprehensive research in relation to partial research. There are a number of premises resulting from the smartphoneisation of society, which provide arguments constituting a new paradigm stating that, in the conditions of digitisation of tourist activities, comprehensive research is more and more available and conducting this type of assessment is realistically possible. Research and conclusions limitations. The presented comparative analysis is in fact a case study, which limits the conclusions formulated on its basis. Practical implications. The article may help research teams who plan to or conduct research using data from smartphone users based on BDA, including those who analyse tourist demand research at regional and local levels for public entities. Originality. The novelty of this paper is the attempt to compare research procedures. The work also partially presents the unpublished results of BDA among the fans of the U21 European Football Championships in Tychy in June 2017, which was carried out ex-post by an external entity ordered by AWF Katowice. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research partly as a case study.

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