scholarly journals The Last Decades of the Existence of the Kaunas Bernardine Nuns (1842–1864)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Vaida Kamuntavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Catholic Church

This article reveals the life of the Holy Trinity Bernardine nuns in Kaunas (Kowno) in the years 1842 to 1864, the worsening situation at the convent due to the Russian occupying government’s policy, the actual closure of the convent, and the fate of the nuns after the closure of their home. The study aims to show how daily life at the convent affected the Russian administration’s decisions regarding its material provision and particular nuns living there, how they were affected by the closure of St George’s Bernardine Friary in Kaunas which used to be the main supporter of the Bernardine nuns, and relations between the Bernardine nuns and the bishop. The author analyses difficulties in community life and problems adhering to the constitution, and reveals the general mood of the nuns. The research is based on correspondence between the Bernardine nuns, the bishop and the convent visitator, memoirs, and material from visitations. This case study of the Kaunas Bernardine nuns helps us gain a better understanding of the situation of the Catholic Church in the Russian Empire.

Adam Stankevich, a historian of the Belarusian national movement in the Catholic Church and a catholic priest

2019 ◽  
pp. 254-269
Author(s):  
Yuriy Labyntsev
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Catholic Priests ◽  
Catholic Priest ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Roman Catholics ◽  
The Catholic Church

At the beginning of the 20 th century in the Western provinces of the Russian Empire among the local Roman Catholics, the first convinced carriers of the Belarusian national idea appeared. Among the most active was the catholic priest Adam Stankevich (1891-1949), a graduate of the Catholic Seminary in Vilna and the Catholic Academy in Petrograd. In the future, he not only took a leading position in the Belarusian national movement, but also be- came an outstanding historiographer of this movement. In 1919, Stankevich settled in Vilna. In 1910-1930, he was active in social, political, scientific, literary and publicistic activities. Stankevich is the initiator of defending the rights of Belarusians to their own national participation in the life of the Catholic Church, to the official introduction of the Belarusian language. He considers the Belarusian people to be divided in political, state, and religious sense. Stankevich believes that the lands of Western Belarus were seized by the new Polish state, formed in 1918. Stankevich continues for many years the struggle for the revival of the Belarusian national identity among Belarusian Catholics. In the early twentieth century, he and the fu- ture Belarusian catholic priests were also helped by the actions of various Orthodox communities and Imperial authorities. In the middle of 1940, Stankevich tried to convince the Soviet leadership of the need to “create the independent Belarusian Catholic Church in the BSSR”. The four-year talks with the authorities have proved useless. Adam Stankevich was accused of anti-Soviet activities. In 1949, he was sent to a camp, where he soon died.

Defining ‘Lithuanian’

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-326
Author(s):  
Aurelija Tamošiūnaitė
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Linguistic Ideologies ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
Discursive Analysis ◽  
Latin Script ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Media Discourses ◽  
The Catholic Church

After the 1863 uprising, in order to diminish Polish influence over Lithuanians, the authorities of the Russian Empire banned the use of Latin letters for Lithuanian texts and implemented the Cyrillic script. The article discusses the linguistic ideologies that underlay this orthographic reform for Lithuanian. The study provides a discursive analysis of opposing accounts expressed in contemporary administrative and media discourses by the key supporters and opponents of the reform. Competing discourses regarding the use of Cyrillic vs. Latin for Lithuanian contested, shaped, and defined the ideological meanings of these scripts: Cyrillic was symbolically linked to Russification, Russianness, Orthodoxy, and Imperial authority, while the Latin script was associated with Polonization, Polishness, the Catholic Church, and anti-imperial resistance. The competing discourses regarding the alphabet change for Lithuanian, via its differentiation from the imposed Cyrillic as well as from the Latin-Polish writing tradition, helped to shape and define the notion of a modern Lithuanian alphabet.

scholarly journals LEGAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE RELATING TO THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE UKRAINIAN PROVINCES AT THE END OF XVIII – THE FIRST HALF OF ХIХ CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Legal Policy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Catholic Church

The article is devoted to the study of the tsarist legal policy aimed at limiting the influence of the Catholic Church on the population of Ukrainian lands and strengthening the position of the Russian Orthodox Church, which supported the autocracy. Attention is drawn to the fact that the starting point in the legislative restriction of the rights of Catholics was in 1794, when Catherine II issued an order declaring Orthodoxy de facto proclaimed state religion. In the summer of 1796 the local authorities obliged the clergy of the Catholic Church to swear allegiance to the Russian Empire. A number of measures were taken to limit the land holdings of Catholic monasteries. It was noted that in a number of royal decrees, the organizational foundations of the management of church establishments, the authority of the archbishop and bishops, monastic overlords, and ordinary monks were regulated in detail. Freedom of movement was restricted for Catholic monks. They were strictly forbidden not only to move from one diocese to another, but also to leave one temporarily without extreme monastic necessity and only with the personal permission of the bishop. The priests were strictly forbidden from touching the sermon on political issues, especially those concerning the Russian government. It is emphasized that during the late 18th - first half of the 20th century. the imperial government has shown a constant desire to limit to a maximum the influence of the Catholic Church on the population of Ukrainian lands, especially those where its supporters made up a large percentage. At the same time, the authorities were not too concerned with the freedom of religion of those subjects whose religious views were different from the official Orthodox ideology of the state. For Tsar, the expediency of Russification consisted in its conformity with the task of ensuring national-state security in its imperial sense. For autocracy, the Catholic denominators saw such a force that could pose a potential threat by distracting from the Orthodox Church those who had once departed from Catholicism, which could give rise in the future to unrest, primarily among the population of the Right Bank. This is, to a large extent, the explanation of the tsarist policy aimed at strengthening the position of the Russian Orthodox Church, which was the pillar of the autocracy, and in the future - to create a mono-religious space in the whole territory of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Censorship in Lithuania: A Tool of Russian Policy; 1831–1865

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-66
Author(s):  
Zita Medišauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
General Context ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Northwest Province ◽  
The Catholic Church

This paper deals with the specificities of Russia’s policy of censorship conducted in the Northwest Province by the Vilnius Censorship Committee between 1831 and 1865. In the general context of the Province an attempt is made to give answers to the questions: (1) by whom and in what way the attitudes of the censors of Vilnius were regulated with respect to the Lithuanian and Polish press ‘under local conditions’ and (2) what requirements of the Censorship Committee were caused ‘by local conditions’ and by the implementation of Russia’s policy in the Northwest Province. The study is based on official documents, censorial lawsuits, and the censored manuscripts. It is maintained that the opinion and initiative of the governor general of Vilnius were crucial in formulating the ‘local’ policy of censoring. The principal aim of the censorial activity was to ensure the integrity of the Russian Empire by preventing the spread of disintegrational anti-Russian ideas and those of propagating the independence of Poland and ‘Polish patriotism’. Attempts were also made to weaken the influence of the Catholic Church, in particular among the peasantry and to create conditions favouring both religious tolerance and the dissemination of Orthodoxy.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

KOŚCIÓŁ KATOLICKI WOBEC ZAGADNIENIA MAŁŻEŃSTW MIESZANYCH RELIGIJNIE W KONTEKŚCIE MIGRACJI

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Piotr Wojnicz
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
International Level ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

The increase in migration at the international level also increases the number of religiouslymixed marriages. The Catholic Church advises against entering into such marriages because thisissue refers to the laws of God and the question of preserving faith. The Catholic Church approvesof mixed marriages in terms of nationality or race because belonging to the Church is primarilydetermined by faith in Jesus Christ and baptism in the name of the Holy Trinity. Independentlyof canon law, progressive social secularization is noticeable on that subject matter.

The Awakening of a New Form of Christianity? Catholicism in the Cariri Region (Brazil)

Exchange ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-397
Author(s):  
Jan Joris Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
Rural Zone ◽  
New Form ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

AbstractThe Cariri region is the most isolated and poor part of the rural zone of the diocese of Campina Grande in the Paraiba state of Brazil. The Catholic Church has been present here for a relatively short time: 335 years. Moreover the region has an isolated context and this favors conservatism so that only fundamental changes have an impact. These facts make the Cariri an interesting region for a case study about how Catholicism develops. I distinguish five periods, which are described with religious key words and situated in the socio-cultural context. This classification is a schematization: different types of Catholicism often exist together. It is obvious that the dominant features of Catholicism change with time, but in the mainstream of the fifth period we see a small revolution. Now there are not only influences in the socio cultural context and factors in the Church itself that cause changes, but there are also influences of powerful newcomers, the evangelical churches. Their main impact is that many people have left the Catholic Church and are going to live their old faith in a new form. The Catholic Church is searching for adequate ways to respond to this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Sytuacja Kościoła katolickiego w Królestwie Polskim po Rewolucji 1905 r.

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
Witold Jemielity
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Church History ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Church Building ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Situation ◽  
The Catholic Church

Three periods could be observed in the Congress Kingdom of Poland considerable political freedom until November uprising, severe restrictions for the citizens after 1831, and unification with the Russian Empire after January uprising. During each of these periods the Catholic Church experienced new situation, however the second half of the century happened to be the hardest. 1905 was the turning-point in tsar’s policy in which political situation in the country had considerable contribution. The government made two important concessions: both languages Russian and Polish could be used as official ones, and, on 17/30 of April the so called tolerant ukase was issued that concerned religious matters. The Catholic Church in the Congress Kingdom of Poland gained more freedom. The Author of the following work showed this in the separate fields of work connected with ministering to a parish such as: keeping files of records, priests’ dwellings, appointing and moving priests, bishop’s inspections, church processions, parish indulgences, change of the parish boundaries, church building, retreats and Congregations of the clergy, the Pope’s jubilee, contacts with Rome, convents, Greek Catholics, wayside crosses, Russian language in church institutions, religion lessons at schools, voting to the Russian Parliament, the tsar and social matters. The Author has been dealing with the problem of Church history in the Congress Kingdom of Poland for many years. The present work summarizes the settlements the author has obtained hitherto and especially pays attention to changes that occurred after the year 1905.

scholarly journals Transformation of Dominican Architectural Heritage in the Years of Tsarist Russian Occupation

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Žygimantas Buržinskas ◽  
Vytautas Levandauskas
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Church Organization ◽  
Dominican Order ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

SummaryThis article presents the heritage of the Dominican Order, which underwent the biggest transformation and destruction in Lithuania during the occupation by tsarist Russia. After the uprisings against the tsarist Russian government in the region in 1831 and 1863–1864, a Russification policy began, primarily targeted against the Catholic Church organization. The Dominican Order, which renewed its activities and had been purposefully operating in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the beginning of the 16th century, was liquidated during the occupation by tsarist Russia. This article studies the original appearances of Aukštadvaris, Kaunas, Merkinė and Paparčiai monasteries, which were most affected by reconstruction and demolition works during the Russian occupation, and reconstructions of their original appearance are presented. The architectural expression of all the monasteries in question suffered the most after the uprising in 1863–1864. In Aukštadvaris and Kaunas old convent churches were reconstructed into Orthodox churches by changing their old architecture, destroying individual elements of the building volume and decoration. Russian-Neo-Byzantine style promoted in the Russian Empire emerged in this context. The buildings of Merkinė and Paparčiai monasteries were completely demolished. Based on the iconographic material, especially the drawings and plans of the buildings made before the reconstruction or demolition works as well as visitations of the monasteries and material of other historical sources, the visualizations of the Aukštadvaris, Kaunas and Merkinė monastery complexes were prepared using modern means.

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