DETERMINATION OF THE DIMENSIONAL AND TOPOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE GRAPHITE PHASE IN CAST IRON BY FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF IMAGES OF ITS MICROSTRUCTURE

The basics of metallography and modern systems used for studying and analyzing the structures of materials are described. Special attention is paid to the techniques of quantitative microscopy, as a kind of ancestress of modern microstructure analysis systems. The analysis of modern computer programs used to analyze images of microstructures obtained from digital microscopes is presented. The basics of fractal analysis as a highly effective tool for calculating numerical values of parameters of geometrically complex objects are outlined. Using the example of the analysis of graphitized cast iron structure, the application of the fractal analysis method to determine such characteristics of the graphite phase as the shape of graphite inclusions and their distribution in the alloy volume is demonstrated. As part of the study, various classes of cast iron have been studied, such as graphitic pig iron with flaked graphite, cast iron with vermicular graphite, and high-grade cast iron with spheroidal graphite. To determine the shape of graphite inclusions, a fractal dimension has been proposed to be used, and the unevenness of the distribution has been estimated using such a function as lacunarity. The individual stages of determining these characteristics using a specialized FracLac module applied in the structure of the ImageJ program are presented. The obtained results showed high adequacy. Despite positive assessment, the shortcomings identified during the research on the use of fractal analysis methods for identifying geometrically complex dimensional and topological parameters inherent in the graphite phase in cast iron are noted. The ways for further improvement of these methods for solving a wide range of problems in metallography of alloys are proposed.

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Method of the Analysis of Materials’ Microstructure Based on the Fractal Analysis of Images

10.20948/graphicon-2021-3027-846-854 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Konstantin Makarenko ◽

Ekaterina Zentsova

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Fractal Analysis ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Complex Objects ◽

Graphite Phase ◽

Topological Parameters ◽

Modern Computer ◽

Wide Range ◽

Geometrically Complex ◽

Graphite Inclusions

The basics of metallography and modern systems used to study and analyse the structures of materials are presented. Special attention is paid to the methods of quantitative microscopy. The review of modern computer programs for analysis of image microstructures obtained from digital microscopes is given. The fundamentals of fractal analysis as a highly effective tool for calculating numerical values of parameters of geometrically complex objects are described. The analysis of the graphitized cast iron structure is provided as an example; the application of the fractal analysis method for determining such characteristics of the graphite phase as the shape of graphite inclusions and their distribution in the amount of the alloy is demonstrated. In the course of the research, different classes of cast iron have been studied. To determine the shape of graphite inclusions it was suggested to use fractal dimension. The nonuniformity of the distribution was estimated by such function as lacunarity. The separate stages of determining these characteristics with a specialized FracLac plugin within the ImageJ program are presented. The results obtained have shown high adequacy. In spite of positive assessments, there are shortcomings revealed in the course of the research on the application of fractal analysis methods for identifying geometrically complex dimensional and topological parameters of the graphite phase in cast iron. The ways to further improve these methods in order to solve a wide range of problems in metallography of alloys are suggested.

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Determination of the Size-topological Parameters the Structure of Cast Iron

10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-244-247 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Константин Макаренко ◽

Konstantin Makarenko ◽

Екатерина Зенцова ◽

Ekaterina Zentsova ◽

Александр Никитин ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Fractal Geometry ◽

Graphite Phase ◽

Topological Parameters ◽

Topological Characteristics ◽

Graphite Inclusions

The methods of geometric identification and determination of the main size-topological parameters of the graphite phase in cast iron are studied. The methods used in world practice to identify the form of graphite inclusions are considered. It is proposed to use the methods of fractal geometry for the determination and identification of graphite inclusions in cast iron. A method for determining the size-topological characteristics of the graphite phase in cast iron has been developed. To describe the non-uniformity of the distribution, the lacunarity function was used. An example of determining the size-topological parameters of the graphite phase for various types of cast iron is presented.

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Henton Morrogh CBE FRS FREng. 29 September 1917 – 20 September 2003

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society ◽

10.1098/rsbm.2005.0019 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 303-314

Author(s):

E. Raymond Evans

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Working Life ◽

Spheroidal Graphite ◽

Research Association ◽

Graphite Phase ◽

Unique Character ◽

Structure Properties

Henton Morrogh devoted the whole of his working life to the study of cast iron, its structure, properties, applications and aspects of its production. He was particularly responsible for the development of techniques for preparing microspecimens to a state of perfection, which enabled him to study the morphology of the graphite phase, and he played a major role in the development of the revolutionary as–cast spheroidal graphite irons.He progressed from apprenticeship with British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA) to becoming its Director and was primarily responsible for the success of this Association and in establishing its worldwide reputation. He was a modest man, generous in the encouragement of his staff to perform research and to apply the results to the benefit of the iron founding industry. In short, it could be said that Henton Morrogh was the BCIRA and the BCIRA was Henton Morrogh–such was his unique character.

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Technological pecularities of producing cast iron with spherical graphite using a fast-cooled copper-magnesium ligature

Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY) ◽

10.21122/1683-6065-2020-2-15-21 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 15-21

Author(s):

A. G. Slutsky ◽

I. L. Kulinich ◽

V. A. Sheinert ◽

V. A. Stefanovich ◽

R. E. Trubitsky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Cast Iron ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Magnesium Alloys ◽

High Strength ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Spheroidal Graphite ◽

Graphite Phase ◽

Spherical Graphite

Various modifiers are used for non-furnace processing of cast iron. Some of them are designed for inoculating modification, which improves mechanical properties and eliminates the appearance of whiteness in castings, while others are designed for spheroidizing processing, in particular for producing cast iron with spherical and vermicular graphite. Some have both spheroidizing and inoculating properties. The main part of inoculating and spheroidizing modifiers is made on iron-silicon, Nickel and copper bases.In addition to the chemical composition, the size of the modifier particles, as well as their shape, are of great importance for modification. The optimal size of the fraction depends significantly on the non-furnace processing technology. Thus, for the larger the bucket and the longer the casting the longer the modification effect is required. One of the methods to achieve this is to increase the particle size of the modifier to 50 mm. When intraform processing of cast iron with spherical and vermicular graphite, magnesium-containing modifiers have strict limits on the upper size (4...5 mm), and in addition, the content of small fractions (less than 0.6...1 mm) is not allowed.The use of «heavy» magnesium-containing ligatures for spheroidizing modification of cast iron in order to obtain higher physical and mechanical properties has scientific and practical interest. Numerous studies show that for maximum effect the formation of the structure of the spheroidal graphite, dispersed pearlite metallic base of SGI (spheroidal graphite iron) relevant question is not only selection of the chemical composition of magnesium alloys, but also of the fractional composition, as well as effective method of input into the liquid melt.The purpose of this work was to study the technological features of obtaining cast iron with spherical graphite by bucket modification of copper-magnesium ligature.The researchers used a Leo–1420 scanning microscope, a Polam l-213 optical microscope, and a VEGA II LMU electron microscope with an INCA ENERGY 350 microanalyzer. High-speed induction melting plant, a set of equipment for analyzing the technological and mechanical properties of high-strength cast iron were used.Earlier experimental studies have shown the real possibility of obtaining in the laboratory a «heavy» copper-magnesium alloys as the alloying of magnesium metal with copper, followed by rapid cooling with use of rolling and plastic deformation of powder alloys. Analysis of test results of samples of such alloys showed that it depends on the value of its additives into liquid iron in the structure of formed graphite phase in compacted and globular form. At the same time, the metal base of cast iron is additionally alloyed with copper, which has a favorable effect on the strength characteristics of SGI.However, an urgent problem is the possibility of the appearance of a cementite phase in the structure of high-strength cast iron as a result of its increased supercooling due to the process of spheroidization of the graphite phase. This phenomenon is compounded by the fact that the copper-magnesium ligature, in contrast to the «light» ligature, does not contain silicon active graphitizer. This feature must be taken into account when obtaining high-strength cast iron of high grades.

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FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF MICROSTRUCTURES IN GRAPHITIZED CAST IRON

Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university ◽

10.12737/18185 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 (1) ◽

pp. 34-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Константин Макаренко ◽

Konstantin Makarenko ◽

Дмитрий Илюшкин ◽

Dmitriy Ilyushkin

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Fractal Analysis ◽

Material Properties ◽

Multifractal Analysis ◽

Human Factor ◽

Considerable Extent ◽

Structure And Properties ◽

Graphite Phase ◽

Definition Of

The dimensionaltopological parameters of a structure such as size, shape, quantity and distribution characterizing a graphite phase in cast iron exert a significant influence upon material properties. But, the definition of these parameters according to the system presented in SARS 3443-87, to the considerable extent, depends upon human factor. The use of results of such an analysis does not allow creating adequate simulators for the estimation of correlation of structure and properties. The widespread introduction of computer analysis methods for the control of material structures dictates new requirements to the development of methods using a mathematical description of material phase structure. One of the methods based on a multifractal analysis of cast iron microstructure representation is shown in this paper. Data obtained at the use of carbon fleck fractal identification method can be used at the development of simulators of the correlation in structure graphitized cast iron properties.

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PARAMETERIZATION OF MICROSTRUCTURES IMAGES OF SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON ON THE BASIS OF THE GRAPHITE DISTRIBUTION DENSITY FUNCTION OF THE INCLUSIONS SIZE

Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY) ◽

10.21122/1683-6065-2017-1-50-56 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 50-56

Author(s):

O. A. Sachek ◽

A. N. Chichko ◽

S. G. Likhouzov ◽

T. V. Matyushinets ◽

O. I. Chichko

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Density Function ◽

Distribution Density ◽

Spheroidal Graphite ◽

Distribution Density Function ◽

Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron ◽

Graphite Cast Iron ◽

Graphite Inclusions

The possibilities of parameterization of microstructures such as SHG2, SHG4, SHG6, SHG10, SHG12, SHgd15, SHgd25, SHgd45, SHgd90, SHgd180, SHgd360 according to GOST (State All-union standard) 3443–87 based on the microstructures of cast iron with different diameter spheroidal graphite are shown. It is proposed to use the function of the density distribution of graphite inclusions in size for the classification of cast iron microstructures with spheroidal graphite. It is shown that density function of graphite inclusions can be used as a criterion of classification of microstructures of cast iron with spheroidal graphite, that offers new opportunities for the quantitative analysis of relations «microstructure-property» for cast iron with spheroidal graphite.

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AMPCOLOY 570

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0392 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Cast Iron ◽

Iron Alloy ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Nickel Aluminum ◽

High Quality ◽

Glass Making ◽

Temperature Performance ◽

Wide Range ◽

Cobalt Iron

Abstract AMPCOLOY 570 is a cast copper-nickel-aluminum-cobalt-iron alloy specially developed for applications involving severe stresses and high temperatures, such as glass-making molds and plate-glass rolls. It is significantly superior to cast iron which has been commonly used for glass-making molds. Good foundry techniques will yield high-quality castings of Ampcoloy 570 in a wide range of section sizes. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-392. Producer or source: Ampco Metal Inc..

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Color Etching for Characterization the Grain Orientation in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.537-538.389 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 537-538 ◽

pp. 389-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ibolya Kardos ◽

Zoltán Gácsi ◽

Péter János Szabó

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Crystallographic Orientation ◽

Grain Orientation ◽

Test Material ◽

Spheroidal Graphite ◽

Metallic Materials ◽

Additional Information ◽

Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron ◽

Graphite Cast Iron ◽

Back Scattering

Color etching is a widely used technique for visualizing different phases in metallic materials. Its advantage to the traditional etching techniques is that it gives additional information within one phase, namely, the color shade of a given phase can change in a certain range. This paper demonstrates that, due to the physics of the color etching, the shade of a phase also depends on the crystallographic orientation of the investigated grain. As a test material, spheroidal graphite cast iron was used, and individual grain orientation was identified by automated electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD). Results showed that there is a strong correlation between grain orientation and the shades obtained by color etching.

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