scholarly journals Water Management Policies in Cameroon: Interference Through Technology Transfer

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peguy Ndonko ◽  
◽  
Mama Moustapha NCHOURUPOUO MFOUABON
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Government

Water is an indispensable resource for human life and for social and economic development. But Oswaldo de Rivero (2003) notes that ninety-seven percent of all water on the planet is salty, only 3% is fresh and three-quarters of it is concentrated in inaccessible places such as the polar regions and glaciers. Therefore, only a small fraction of the earth's water is fresh and accessible in rivers, lakes and groundwater. According to international hydrological studies carried out by the United Nations and the Stockholm Environment Institute, this small fraction is declining and by 2025, two-thirds of the world's population will be affected by water shortages due to the decrease in the earth's hydraulic cycle caused by the urban population explosion. The search for a balance between population growth and vital resources such as water has a pride of place in the MDGs, which show that disparities in access to water are high, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and require the pooling of all energies. In Cameroon, the resurgence of endemic water-borne diseases prompted the government to set up a drinking water supply system known as the "Scandinave Water Project." This article attempts to describe the water management policies that eventually led to the re-emergence of water-related diseases. The data for this study were collected between 2006-2009 as part of doctoral studies. This collection is still going on in other localities of the country. This reflection is based on two theoretical approaches: The sociology of knowledge, which, according to David le Breton (2004), strives to identify laws that escape agents carried away by the weight of their class habitus. Knowledge is then viewed as a conquest, an enterprise 'against,' where it is a question of forcing the agent give up a conduct whose motivation he does not know. Science then brings out the hidden, the unknowing, it is an illumination, the revelation of obscure laws of operation to those who live them. Then comes pragmatism, an empirical theory of knowledge of which Widmer (1968) is one of the representatives. The relevance of this theory is measured by its consequences on reality. Pragmatism rehabilitates knowledge as it participates in the mutual construction of the world and brings about changes. The failure of this water supply project is above all the non-involvement of the populations and the lack of communication.

scholarly journals Water Management Policies in Cameroon: Interference Through Technology Transfer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peguy Ndonko ◽  
Mama Moustapha NCHOURUPOUO MFOUABON
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Government

Water is an indispensable resource for human life and for social and economic development. But Oswaldo de Rivero (2003) notes that ninety-seven percent of all water on the planet is salty, only 3% is fresh and three-quarters of it is concentrated in inaccessible places such as the polar regions and glaciers. Therefore, only a small fraction of the earth's water is fresh and accessible in rivers, lakes and groundwater. According to international hydrological studies carried out by the United Nations and the Stockholm Environment Institute, this small fraction is declining and by 2025, two-thirds of the world's population will be affected by water shortages due to the decrease in the earth's hydraulic cycle caused by the urban population explosion. The search for a balance between population growth and vital resources such as water has a pride of place in the MDGs, which show that disparities in access to water are high, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and require the pooling of all energies. In Cameroon, the resurgence of endemic water-borne diseases prompted the government to set up a drinking water supply system known as the "Scandinave Water Project." This article attempts to describe the water management policies that eventually led to the re-emergence of water-related diseases. The data for this study were collected between 2006-2009 as part of doctoral studies. This collection is still going on in other localities of the country. This reflection is based on two theoretical approaches: The sociology of knowledge, which, according to David le Breton (2004), strives to identify laws that escape agents carried away by the weight of their class habitus. Knowledge is then viewed as a conquest, an enterprise 'against,' where it is a question of forcing the agent give up a conduct whose motivation he does not know. Science then brings out the hidden, the unknowing, it is an illumination, the revelation of obscure laws of operation to those who live them. Then comes pragmatism, an empirical theory of knowledge of which Widmer (1968) is one of the representatives. The relevance of this theory is measured by its consequences on reality. Pragmatism rehabilitates knowledge as it participates in the mutual construction of the world and brings about changes. The failure of this water supply project is above all the non-involvement of the populations and the lack of communication.

GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S RIGHTS OVER THE CLEAN WATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadzir
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
State Control ◽  
Government Responsibility ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Water plays a very important role in supporting human life and other living beings as goods that meet public needs. Water is one of the declared goods controlled by the state as mentioned in the constitution of the republic of Indonesia. The state control over water indicated that water management can bring justice and prosperity for all Indonesian people. However, in fact, water currently becomes a product commercialized by individuals and corporations. It raised a question on how the government responsibility to protect the people's right to clean water. This study found that in normative context, the government had been responsible in protecting the people’s right over the clean water. However, in practical context, it found that the government had not fully protected people's right over clean water. The government still interpreted the state control over water in the form of creating policies, establishing a set of regulations, conducting management, and also supervision.

Water management problems and solutions in a residential community of Al-Mafraq city, Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1371-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naji K. Al-Mefleh ◽  
Saad M. AlAyyash ◽  
Fatima A. Bani Khaled
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Government

Abstract This study aims to investigate existing water management problems and potential solutions in the Al-Mafraq Governorate of Jordan, and to examine public awareness of water demand management at the household level. A questionnaire survey captured residents' perceptions of water quantity and quality. Results showed that 71% of respondents find the water pumped from the public system to be insufficient, and 40.9% find that water laws and regulations are implemented ineffectively. The study also showed that 85% of respondents are dependent upon groundwater wells, and 42.5% of respondents have suffered water contamination. Water quality is degraded due to pollution caused by solid waste and liquids, and salinity is increased due to the over-pumping and depletion of groundwater resources. The study recommends that the government incentivize residents to harvest water to deal with water shortages, religious motivations be explored in water conservation efforts, and water authorities should repair or replace old pipelines.

War could leave Libyans without water

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government

Significance Greater Tripoli is particularly vulnerable to any disruption of the infrastructure, while the COVID-19 pandemic makes adequate water supply to the capital and other urban centres even more critical. Impacts Fresh disruption of water supplies would fuel public anger and exacerbate social unrest, probably causing more armed clashes. Service disruptions and unrest would worsen tensions within the Government of National Accord, further undermining its authority. Water shortages will also undercut efforts to develop Libya’s agricultural sector as a way of diversifying its oil-dependent economy.

Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Community Rural Water Supplies in Sankuri Division, Garissa District, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 20662-20683
Author(s):  
Dr. Githae N.M. ◽  
Farah M.A ◽  
Masese D. M.
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Ability To Pay ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
The Government

Water is the most important natural resource, indispensable for life and at the same time the backbone of growth and prosperity for humankind. More than 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2.6-billion lack access to basic sanitation in the world today.  Water is not like other commodities in the sense that it is essential to human life. It is also essential to economic growth and poverty reduction. About 18% of the world’s population lacks access to improved water supply, According to WHO, 1.6 million deaths per year can be attributed to unsafe water and lack of sanitation (Pérard, 2007:42). Major threats to the sustainability of rural water supplies include high poverty levels in communities, weak institutional framework and inability of communities to handle breakdowns. The purpose of the research was to determine the factors that affect the sustainability of rural water supply facilities in Sankuri Division, Garissa District. To explore the causes of non-functionality of the water supply, a purposive survey was undertaken covering five (5) locations situated within the proximity of the Tana Rive with a sample of 384 households for quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected through focused group discussions and key informant interviews. The study established demographic characteristics of the study population, majority of the respondents (73.8%) that fetched water for the household were women, and 4.4% were female children. As concerns their level of education and ability to pay for the services, those with higher levels of education were more likely to pay for the water services. Economic factor had a bearing on the households’ ability to pay for the services and therefore the need to consider the cost implication for sustainability of the WSS. Aspects of the operations and management of the WSS elicited components of sustainability and the study’s findings whereby Water management Committee accounted for 48.6%, however components of management contributing to unsustainability among others were poor management skills 18%, corruption among the office bearers 8.4% and lack of accountability 8%. The study concluded that involvement of women in the management of the water systems since they are mostly involved in accessing this valuable commodity for their households is of utter importance, given their key role in this vital commodity for the members of their households. Cost has played a crucial role in the sustainability of the WSS, and lastly, Governance issues were not articulated to promote active community participation by the government policy, hence influence of the Operation and Management of the WSS. The study made recommendations at two levels: To the Government to incorporate basic Operations and Management skills for the WSS teams and enhance the capacity building in the initiation of the projects. Water Service Providers to be aware of the consumers’ preference in the management of the WSS. The committee members’ capacity building is crucial for the attainment of sustainability of the WSS. Water tariffs to be affordable in order to support the communities’ ability to pay for the services, and to facilitate maintenance of the systems. Lastly, planning of annual stakeholders and management meetings to promote trust and ownership of the water facility should be emphasized.

Disentailing Sources of Future Uncertainties for Water Management Policies in a Subtropical Water System.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Amaranto ◽  
Matteo Giuliani ◽  
Davide Danilo Chiarelli ◽  
Maria Cristina Rulli ◽  
Dinis Juizo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Sensitivity And Uncertainty Analysis

<p>Changing climate, growing population, and urbanization are likely to exacerbate the competition for water resources in the coming years, and to challenge the effectiveness of water management policies. In this rapidly evolving multi-stakeholder context, it is crucial to explore the sensitivity of water supply strategies to deeply uncertain climatic and socio-economic forcings, fostering the identification of policies that integrate optimality and low vulnerability against likely adverse future conditions. Here, we propose an integrated framework combining optimization, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to retrieve the main sources of vulnerability to water management strategies across a multidimensional objective space. Our framework is tested in the Umbeluzi river, Mozambique, operated to meet three conflicting objectives: the water demand in the city of Maputo, hydropower production, and irrigation supply. Rapid urbanization, economic growth and water development plans mark the Umbeluzi as archetypal of most river basin in developing countries. The main sources of uncertainty we consider are: the projected increase in water demand following urbanization and irrigation development in the area; the magnitude of streamflow depletion due to climate change; and the completion date of the greater Maputo water supply expansion project. The optimization approach is based on Evolutionary Multi-Objective Direct Policy Search (EMODPS), while the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis are founded on the PAWN and the GLUE methods, respectively. Numerical results show that, while socio-economic and infrastructure are equally important for compromise solutions, climate becomes the most influential factor for asymmetric tradeoffs.</p>

The Exploration of Water-Saving in Building Water-Drainage

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 6106-6112
Author(s):  
Shuang Mei Cao ◽  
Gui Yun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Government

Through the analysis of the present situation of water-saving in building water supply and drainage in our country to realize that some problems still exist in the water conservation consciousness, water saving technology, water-saving management etc, stating there is great space in water-saving, to ensure the water-saving society construction and save and protect the water resource, we should further improve water saving consciousness, changing the traditional water-using habits and improve water management way; Constantly innovating water-saving technology, researching and promoting water-saving facilities and equipment. dominated by the government, Comprehensive use of publicity and measure of administrative, law, management, economy, education and scientific means, unifying management, configuring scientifically, only this can solve the conflict of supplying and demanding to a certain extent and the lack of water in peak hour, it can ease the tension in water supply and protect the environment, bringing good environmental, social and economic benefits.

Coping with Erratic Water Supply in Small Towns

2016 ◽  
pp. 192-208
Author(s):  
Never Mujere ◽  
Trust Saidi
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Artificial Water

In Sub-Saharan Africa, artificial water shortages are common due to financial constraints impeding the procurement of adequate equipment to harness water. Most previous studies on variability of water supply in sub-Saharan Africa have largely focused on large urban settlements such as cities and towns. Thus, this chapter therefore presents findings from a study conducted to assess the causes and effects of erratic water supply in Kamwaza Township in Zimbabwe as well as to establish and evaluate coping strategies to the problem of erratic water supply. From the study, it was also observed that erratic water supply has socio-economic effects and these include high incidences of diseases, disruption of service delivery at institutions such as the hospital, clinic and schools and retarded infrastructural development. The study recommends a collaborative approach from all stakeholders in solving the problem of erratic water supply by upgrading the pumping station, repairing leaking pipes, employing people with technical expertise and sinking boreholes.

“A Spirit of Bolshevism?”: Perth’s Water Crisis of the 1920s

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Jenny Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
State Government ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water History ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Government ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

The early 1920s were a pivotal period in Perth’s water history, marked by conflict over the inadequacies of the city’s water supply. Only a small area of the city had reticulated water; most people relied on wells or rainwater tanks. Water shortages, particularly in new suburbs and higher districts, prompted the Western Australian Government to impose water restrictions. The press, local government authorities, and opposition politicians took the government to task, and officials and householders protested at public meetings. This article analyzes the causes of water shortages, the level of protest, tensions over the governance of the water supply, and the response of the state government. As on America’s west coast in the same period, government decision making was often influenced by rural needs, but the role played by urban householders, with the support of the press and opposition politicians, was paramount in shaping new water supply systems for city dwellers.

scholarly journals Exploring Water Management Practices and Sustainability Implications in the Bamenda Metropolis of Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Lucas Nyuydine Wirba ◽  
Amawa Sani Gur ◽  
Victor Konfor Ntoban ◽  
Bruno Lainjo Baye ◽  
Emmanuel Nkembo Ngang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply

City governments, the world over, are grappling with the problem of sustaining water supply to their rapidly growing population. The need to meet up with this exigency has been emphasized in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 (Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all) and SDG 11 (Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable). While a series of demand and supply-side approaches to water management have been employed, the extent to which water management practices could guarantee (un)sustainability still require clarity, especially in the context of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Taking the case of the Bamenda Metropolis of Cameroon, we contribute to address this lacunae, by identifying household level water management practices in Bamenda, and discussing the implications it has for sustainable water supply (availability, affordability). To obtain relevant data for this study, a random sample of 120 households, within 8 neighborhoods of Bamenda, was conducted. Furthermore, we employed descriptive and inferential statistical methods to test the relationship between household socio-economic characteristics and water management (consumption, rationing, preservation). The results  reveal the following: In terms of regularity, approximately 63% of the households have irregular water supply, and consume less than 50 litres of water per day. The key water source is pipe borne water (65%), supplied by CAMWATER and Community Water Systems. One of the main water management practice at household level is rainwater harvesting (41.7%), while sustainability is compromised by the weak management systems from supply side, and limited knowledge and resources at the demand side (household level). There is a need for policy (re)orientation to regulate household water distribution, consumption and affordability. Further studies are required to ground this assertion.

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