scholarly journals Parasitic nematodes of wild and cultivated subtropical fruit plants in Central Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Sh. Kh. Khurramov ◽  
A. S. Bekmuradov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Fruit Plants ◽  
Subtropical Fruit ◽  
Central Asian Republics ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The purpose of the research is studying the species composition and control measures against parasitic nematodes of wild and cultivated subtropical fruit plants of Central Asia.Materials and methods. We studied subtropical fruit crops in 198 farms and 1985 household plots located in various soil and climatic zones of over 20,675 hectares in Central Asia. The materials were collected in the autumn (September-October), spring (April-May) and summer (June-August) months in 1970–1990 by the route method. Study subjects were plant parasitic nematodes of 8 species of wild and cultivated subtropical fruit plants in the Central Asian republics. A modified Baermann funnel method was used to isolate plant nematodes from plants and soil near roots. In total, we collected and analyzed more than 5,400 plant and soil samples. To identify the species of plant parasitic nematodes, we used the Atlas of plant parasitic nematodes compiled at the Institute of Parasitology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as morphometric indicators obtained according to the generally accepted De Mann formulae.Results and discussion. More than 129,000 specimens of plant parasites of 98 species were found in the studied wild and cultivated subtropical fruit crops and soil near their roots. In many farms of the Central Asian republics, we found southern root-knot nematodes, peanut root-knot nematodes, javanese root-knot nematodes, and cotton root-knot nematodes in mixed populations. In Uzbekistan, the prevalence in these crops was from 8 to 61.3%, in Tajikistan – from 78 to 98%, in Turkmenistan – from 6 to 98%, and in Kyrgyzstan – 33%. In addition to root-knot nematodes, representatives of ecto- and endoparasites of the genera Tylenchorhynchus, Merlinius, Quinisulcius, Rotylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Macroposthonia, Labocriconema and Xiphinema were parasitizing in the above subtropical cultures. Under production conditions, we tested Furadan at a dose of 40 kg/ha, Heterophos at a dose of 60 and 120 kg/ha, and Aldicarb at a dose of 40 kg/ha to control root-knot and other parasitic nematodes. Their efficacy ranged from 89 to 100%. We also used the soil solarization method developed by us, the efficacy of which was 95–98%.

scholarly journals Nematodes Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Crops in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amar Bahadur
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Stem And Bulb Nematode

Nematodes are the most plentiful animals on earth, commonly found in soil or water, including oceans. Some species of nematodes are parasites of plants and animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are non-segmented microscopic, eel-like round worms, obligate parasite possess stylets that live in soil causing damage to plants by feeding on roots or plant tissues. Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on roots, either within the root, some nematodes feed leaves. These nematodes cause breakdown of resistance to fungal diseases in fruit crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes living host tissue to feed on to grow and reproduce. Nematode life cycle consists of an egg, 4 pre-adult stages (juveniles) and an adult, life cycle depending on the species and the temperature. Nematodes do not move long distances (less than 6 inches per year). They are usually transported over long distances on machinery, in nursery stock, transplants, seeds, or by animals, moves soil, water and wind. They acquire nutrients from plant tissues by needle-like feeding structure (stylet/spear). Nematodes can be classified into three groups depending on feed on the plants such as ectoparasitic nematodes are always remaining outside the plant root tissues. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes move through root tissues sedentary endoparasitic nematodes penetrate young roots at or near the growing tip. They steal nutrients, disrupt water and mineral transport, and provide excellent sites for secondary pathogens (fungus and bactria) to invade the roots and decay. Several nematode species that cause problems in fruit orchards that are major limiting factors in fruit crop production cause extensive root necrosis resulting in serious economic losses. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipentrans) are the major nematode pests that infect fruit crops. Parasitic nematodes that can damage tree fruit roots. Many kinds of nematodes have been reported in and around the roots of various fruit crops, only few are cause serious damage, including Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus species), Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema spp) are cigar-shaped that are strictly ectoparasitic, Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp) are relatively large ectoparasites that feed near root tips, Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus species) are ectoparasitic, Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are sedentary semi-endoparasites. Nematodes reduce yield without the production of any noticeable above ground symptoms. Typical above ground symptoms of nematode infections stunting, yellowing and wilting. Major nematodes associated in large number of vegetables crops in India such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.), lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus sp.), reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus sp.) lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus spp.), stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) etc. Root-knot nematodes are important pests of vegetables belonging to solanaceous (brinjal, tomato, chili), cucurbitaceous (biter ground, cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd) leguminous (cowpea, bean, pea), cruciferous cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, brussels, sprout), okra and several other root and bulb crops (onion, garlic, lettuce, celery, carrot, radish). Four species (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. hapla) are more than 95% of the root-knot nematode population worldwide distribution. Stem and Bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) commonly attacks onion, garlic, potato, pea and carrot etc. The nematodes spread from one area to another mainly through infested planting materials, water drains from infested areas into irrigation system, soil that adheres to implements, tyres of motor vehicles and shoes of plantation workers. Management recommendation through bio-pesticides, cultural practices, enrichment of FYM, Neem cake and other organic amendments.

scholarly journals Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) for Nematode Management

EDIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Krueger ◽  
K. E. Dover ◽  
Robert McSorley ◽  
K. H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Nematode Management ◽  
Plant Parasitic

ENY-056, an 8-page fact sheet by R. Krueger, K. E. Dover, R. McSorley, and K. -H. Wang, introduces homeowners to the problem of root-knot nematodes, the use of marigolds as an allelopathic cover crop for nematode suppression. It describes the mode of action, planting tips, considerations, and frequently asked questions. Includes references and tables showing susceptibility of marigold varieties to root-knot and plant-parasitic nematodes in Florida. Published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, August 2007. ENY-056/NG045: Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) for Nematode Management (ufl.edu)

scholarly journals Community Analysis of Nematodes Associated with Banana, Identification of root knot nematode and Evaluation the Susceptibility of Some Cultivars to Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radwa G. Mostafa ◽  
Aida M. El-Zawahry ◽  
Ashraf E. M. Khalil ◽  
Ameer E. Elfarash ◽  
Ali D. A. Allam
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract Background Plant-parasitic nematodes are extremely dangerous pests in a variety of economically important crops. The purpose of this study was a survey of all nematode species existing in banana from three sites in Assiut Governorate, Egypt and to characterize the most common species by morphological, morphometric and molecular techniques (PCR with species-specific primers). Then, study of resistance or sensitivity of some banana cultivars to root-knot nematodes.Methods and Results Four nematodes, Meloidogyne, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Helicotylenchus and Pratylenchus were isolated and identified from soil and root samples collected from banana plants. Most frequently occurring of plant parasitic nematode species in banana was Meloidogyne. Former research found differences in species and in resistance to root-knot nematodes among the examined plant cultivars. Identification of Root-knot nematodes by Characterize of morphometric, molecularly, morphological isolate of Meloidogyne related to banana plants. The results revealed that the identified nematode species, Meloidogyne javanica, is the most common plant-parasitic nematodes in all locations. Data on the susceptibility of the tested banana cultivars to M. javanica revealed that Grand Naine was highly susceptible (HS) however, Magraby was susceptible (S) but Williams and Hindi cultivars were moderately resistant (MR).Conclusions we concluded that a survey revealed the significant prevalence of Meloidogyne javanica, the most important nematodes on banana in Assiut. The morphometric, morphological, and molecular identification were harmonic with one another. In addition to the host response of certain banana cultivars, to M. javanica that resistance is of significance and can be helpful to incorporate through planning control measures for root- knot nematodes.

Isoelectric focusing of proteins.

2021 ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Janete A. Brito
Keyword(s):  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract This chapter focuses on the efficacy of isoelectric focusing, which is a technique used for separating charged molecules by differences in their isoelectric point, in the examination of general proteins and specific enzymatic differences among plant parasitic nematodes, particularly the potato cyst and root knot nematodes.

scholarly journals Attachment tests of Pasteuria penetrans to the cuticle of plant and animal parasitic nematodes, free living nematodes and srf mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mendoza de Gives ◽  
K.G. Davies ◽  
M. Morgan ◽  
J.M. Behnke
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pasteuria Penetrans ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Spore Attachment ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Populations of Pasteuria penetrans isolated from root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) were tested for their ability to adhere to a limited selection of sheathed and exsheathed animal parasitic nematodes, free living nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans wild type and several srf mutants, and plant parasitic nematodes. The attachment of spores of Pasteuria was restricted and no spores were observed adhering to any of the animal parasitic nematodes either with or without their sheath or to any of the free living nematodes including C. elegans and the srf mutants. All spore attachment was restricted to plant parasitic nematodes; however, spores isolated from cyst nematodes showed the ability to adhere to other genera of plant parasitic nematodes which was not the case with spores isolated from root-knot nematodes. The results are discussed in relationship to cuticular heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Infecting Grapevine in Southern Spain and Susceptible Reaction to Root-Knot Nematodes of Rootstocks Reported as Moderately Resistant

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Téliz ◽  
Blanca B. Landa ◽  
Hava F. Rapoport ◽  
Fernando Pérez Camacho ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Plant Parasitic ◽  
Susceptible Response

Incidence and nematode population densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were determined in 64 samples of soil and grapevine roots collected from commercial vineyards in southern Spain between October 2003 and May 2005. In addition, a histopathological study was done of root-stock roots naturally infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Nematodes infecting the rootstocks were identified according to conventional procedures, and the Meloidogyne spp. were furthermore identified by sequence characterized amplified region-polymerase chain reaction (SCAR-PCR) and isozyme esterase analyses. The most important plant-parasitic nematodes detected, in order of decreasing frequency of total soil infestation and root infection (percentage of samples), were Mesocriconema xenoplax (34.4%), Meloidogyne incognita (26.6%), Meloidogyne javanica (14.1%), Xiphinema index (12.5%), Xiphinema italiae (10.9%), Pratylenchus vulnus (6.3%), and Meloidogyne arenaria (1.6%). No disease symptoms were observed on aboveground plant parts of the infected grapevines, except for plants in some fields where soil was infested with the virus-vector nematodes X. index and X. italiae. Those grapevines showed a yellow mosaic pattern in leaves early in the growing season and the internode shortening characteristic of infections by Grapevine fanleaf virus. Rootstocks infected by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) showed distorted feeder roots and large- to moderate-sized root galls, present either singly or in clusters. Histopathology of galled roots showed a typical susceptible response to infection by root-knot nematodes: cellular alterations were induced in the cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular system, including giant-cell formation and severe distortion of vascular tissues. Most Meloidogyne egg masses ocurred on the surface of the galled root tissues, a position that could facilitate dispersion of the nematode eggs and juveniles and the occurrence of secondary infections. Some of the grapevine rootstocks surveyed in this study (Paulsen 1103, Richter 110, Rupestris du Lot, and SO4) had previously been reported to be resistant to Meloidogyne spp.; however, the population densities of these nematodes found in soil and roots sampled in the present study, as well as the compatible host-parasite relationship revealed by histopathology, indicate a susceptible response to Meloidogyne spp. from southern Spain.

Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes as a model for other plant parasitic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godelieve Gheysen ◽  
Jan De Meutter ◽  
Tom Tytgat ◽  
August Coomans
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractPlant parasitic nematodes are known to cause a severe reduction in crop yield. Recently much effort is being put to engineering new nematode-resistant crop cultivars. Plant parasitic nematodes occur in three widely separated orders: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida. All triplonchid and dorylaimid plant parasitic nematodes are migratory ectoparasites of roots. Within the Tylenchida, several different types of plant parasitism can be recognised. The sedentary endoparasites have the most complex interaction with their host, and are responsible for the vast majority of the agricultural damage. This causes most research to be concentrated on two groups of the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes: cyst- and root-knot nematodes. Both induce specialised feeding structures in the vascular cylinder of the plant root. The mechanism of phytoparasitism of the cyst- and root-knot nematodes is reviewed, of which some aspects will be applicable to the study of the other plant parasitic nematodes. Les nématodes parasites de plantes sont connus pour provoquer de sévères réductions dans les rendements des cultures. Actuellement, un effort se développe pour créer de nouveaux cultivars résistants aux nématodes. Les nématodes parasite de plantes appartiennent à trois ordres très éloignés: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida et Tylenchida. Tous les nématodes parasites de plantes chez les Triplonchida et Dorylaimida sont des ectoparasites migrateurs. Chez les Tylenchida, plusieurs types différents de parasitisme peuvent être identifiés. Les endoparasites sédentaires ont l’interaction la plus complexe avec leur hôte et sont responsables de la plus grande part des dégâts agricoles. C’est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des recherches sont concentrées sur deux groupes de nématodes endoparasites sédentaires, les nématodes à kystes et les nématodes galligènes. Ces deux groupes induisent des structures d’alimentation spécialisées dans les tissus vasculaires de la racine végétale. Le mécanisme parasitaire des nématodes à kystes et galligènes est revu, certaines de leurs caractéristiques pouvant être applicables à l’étude des autres nématodes phytoparasites.

scholarly journals Root-Knot Nematode Management in Caladium

EDIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyi Gu ◽  
Johan Desaeger
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Management ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Florida leads the commercial production of caladiums, a popular ornamental. In Florida, root-knot, sting, and stubby root nematodes are found in caladium fields. Root-knot nematodes are considered the most important of all pests in caladiums that are grown in sand. This publication will help caladium growers understand what plant-parasitic nematodes are and current nematode management strategies for the caladium industry.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document