Community Analysis of Nematodes Associated with Banana, Identification of root knot nematode and Evaluation the Susceptibility of Some Cultivars to Infection

Abstract Background Plant-parasitic nematodes are extremely dangerous pests in a variety of economically important crops. The purpose of this study was a survey of all nematode species existing in banana from three sites in Assiut Governorate, Egypt and to characterize the most common species by morphological, morphometric and molecular techniques (PCR with species-specific primers). Then, study of resistance or sensitivity of some banana cultivars to root-knot nematodes.Methods and Results Four nematodes, Meloidogyne, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Helicotylenchus and Pratylenchus were isolated and identified from soil and root samples collected from banana plants. Most frequently occurring of plant parasitic nematode species in banana was Meloidogyne. Former research found differences in species and in resistance to root-knot nematodes among the examined plant cultivars. Identification of Root-knot nematodes by Characterize of morphometric, molecularly, morphological isolate of Meloidogyne related to banana plants. The results revealed that the identified nematode species, Meloidogyne javanica, is the most common plant-parasitic nematodes in all locations. Data on the susceptibility of the tested banana cultivars to M. javanica revealed that Grand Naine was highly susceptible (HS) however, Magraby was susceptible (S) but Williams and Hindi cultivars were moderately resistant (MR).Conclusions we concluded that a survey revealed the significant prevalence of Meloidogyne javanica, the most important nematodes on banana in Assiut. The morphometric, morphological, and molecular identification were harmonic with one another. In addition to the host response of certain banana cultivars, to M. javanica that resistance is of significance and can be helpful to incorporate through planning control measures for root- knot nematodes.

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Root-Knot Nematode Management in Caladium

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-in1325-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Mengyi Gu ◽

Johan Desaeger

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Commercial Production ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Nematode Management ◽

Plant Parasitic

Florida leads the commercial production of caladiums, a popular ornamental. In Florida, root-knot, sting, and stubby root nematodes are found in caladium fields. Root-knot nematodes are considered the most important of all pests in caladiums that are grown in sand. This publication will help caladium growers understand what plant-parasitic nematodes are and current nematode management strategies for the caladium industry.

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Screening of anti-nematode potential through inhibition of egg hatching in plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne javanica

Current Botany ◽

10.25081/cb.2020.v11.6172 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Shilpy Shakya ◽

Bindhya Chal Yadav

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Plant Defence ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Egg Hatching ◽

Plant Parasitic

Plant-parasitic nematodes have emerged as nature’s most successful among all parasites known till today. These animals have been reported from all terrains of all ecosystems. Their capability to survive on a wide diversity of the host plants, circumvent host plant defence is a few of several of their secrets making them most successful of all known parasites. Among various groups of plant-parasitic nematodes, endo-parasitic nematodes are the most damaging one and also difficult to control. Meloidogyne sps. are commonly known as root-knot nematodes. Our inability to control them is primarily due to our poor understanding of the biology of these plant parasites. Due to the availability of the complete genome sequence of few Meloidogyne species, biotechnological interventions are used to unravel the secrets of their success. Chemical controls of these nematodes are extensively reported in the literature. Due to the environmental toxicity associated with these chemicals, and restrictions on the use of chemicals against nematodes led to screening and development of eco-friendly management strategies. The present study was conducted to screen nematotoxic properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica), Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Kachnar (Bauhinia variegate), Bel (Aegle marmelos) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaf extracts against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in vitro. The aqueous extracts were used against the hatching of the nematode eggs, movement of second stage juveniles (J2) and the viability of the J2 in increasing concentration of the bioactive compound. The eggs were treated with various concentrations of the selected extracts for different time periods ranging from 24h to 6 days. A significant inhibition of egg hatching and increase in the mortality of the nematode juvenile in few of the aqueous extracts were recorded. Reduced egg hatching and increased mortality of the nematode juveniles could be maybe the indicators of the presence of anti-nematode potential in the selected plant leaves. The results from the study can pave the way for the development of eco-friendly management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes.

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Reliability of PCR-based techniques for detection and discrimination of plant-parasitic nematodes of sugarcane

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854107781487297 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 499-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mireille Fargette ◽

Shaun Berry ◽

Serge Morand ◽

Patrice Cadet

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acid ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Species Discrimination ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Extraction Buffer ◽

Plant Parasitic

AbstractIn order to develop diagnostic tools for plant-parasitic nematodes of sugarcane in South Africa, this work investigated the potential biodiversity of these nematodes in the amount of nucleic acid available, the discrimination of species by a PCR-based method (targeting the ITS1 region) and the effect of some experimental conditions on their detection or discrimination. The ITS1 amplified fragment varied in size, ranging from 400 bp (Meloidogyne javanica) to 1200 bp (Longidorus pisi, Paratrichodorus minor, Xiphinema elongatum, Xiphinema zulu). Some species discrimination was possible by discernible differences in ITS1 amplified fragment sizes. The potential, as well as shortcomings (inhibitions, competition) of this approach are assessed and further steps/outcomes discussed. Part of the work also focused on DNA extraction. Nematode genomic nucleic acid was extracted from five nematode species (Pratylenchus zeae, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne javanica, Xiphinema elongatum and Paratrichodorus lobatus) and we discuss the significant differences obtained between species in the amount of nucleic acid extracted. There were also marked differences in the quantity and quality of nucleic acid extracted from nematode suspensions originating from soils, depending on the extraction buffer used.

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Nematodes Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Crops in India

10.5772/intechopen.98850 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amar Bahadur

Keyword(s):

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Lesion Nematodes ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Root Tissues ◽

Plant Parasitic ◽

Stem And Bulb Nematode

Nematodes are the most plentiful animals on earth, commonly found in soil or water, including oceans. Some species of nematodes are parasites of plants and animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are non-segmented microscopic, eel-like round worms, obligate parasite possess stylets that live in soil causing damage to plants by feeding on roots or plant tissues. Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on roots, either within the root, some nematodes feed leaves. These nematodes cause breakdown of resistance to fungal diseases in fruit crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes living host tissue to feed on to grow and reproduce. Nematode life cycle consists of an egg, 4 pre-adult stages (juveniles) and an adult, life cycle depending on the species and the temperature. Nematodes do not move long distances (less than 6 inches per year). They are usually transported over long distances on machinery, in nursery stock, transplants, seeds, or by animals, moves soil, water and wind. They acquire nutrients from plant tissues by needle-like feeding structure (stylet/spear). Nematodes can be classified into three groups depending on feed on the plants such as ectoparasitic nematodes are always remaining outside the plant root tissues. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes move through root tissues sedentary endoparasitic nematodes penetrate young roots at or near the growing tip. They steal nutrients, disrupt water and mineral transport, and provide excellent sites for secondary pathogens (fungus and bactria) to invade the roots and decay. Several nematode species that cause problems in fruit orchards that are major limiting factors in fruit crop production cause extensive root necrosis resulting in serious economic losses. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipentrans) are the major nematode pests that infect fruit crops. Parasitic nematodes that can damage tree fruit roots. Many kinds of nematodes have been reported in and around the roots of various fruit crops, only few are cause serious damage, including Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus species), Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema spp) are cigar-shaped that are strictly ectoparasitic, Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp) are relatively large ectoparasites that feed near root tips, Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus species) are ectoparasitic, Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are sedentary semi-endoparasites. Nematodes reduce yield without the production of any noticeable above ground symptoms. Typical above ground symptoms of nematode infections stunting, yellowing and wilting. Major nematodes associated in large number of vegetables crops in India such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.), lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus sp.), reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus sp.) lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus spp.), stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) etc. Root-knot nematodes are important pests of vegetables belonging to solanaceous (brinjal, tomato, chili), cucurbitaceous (biter ground, cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd) leguminous (cowpea, bean, pea), cruciferous cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, brussels, sprout), okra and several other root and bulb crops (onion, garlic, lettuce, celery, carrot, radish). Four species (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. hapla) are more than 95% of the root-knot nematode population worldwide distribution. Stem and Bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) commonly attacks onion, garlic, potato, pea and carrot etc. The nematodes spread from one area to another mainly through infested planting materials, water drains from infested areas into irrigation system, soil that adheres to implements, tyres of motor vehicles and shoes of plantation workers. Management recommendation through bio-pesticides, cultural practices, enrichment of FYM, Neem cake and other organic amendments.

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First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica on Buchu (Agathosma betulina) in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.5.574a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 574-574

Author(s):

A. P. Malan ◽

R. Knoetze ◽

H. J. Hugo

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Meloidogyne Javanica ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Commercial Cultivation ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Plant Parasitic

Agathosma betulina, commonly known as buchu, has been used for centuries by the indigenous people of South Africa for medicinal purposes. Currently, the essential oils from buchu are used in medicine, food flavorings, and aromatic oils. Increased exploitation of natural growing buchu in the Fynbos biome and a worldwide shortage of buchu oil encouraged commercial cultivation in South Africa. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most common plant-parasitic nematodes found on commercial crops grown in the Western Cape. It has also been isolated from the soil and roots of plants in the natural Fynbos vegetation (2). In June 2003, a nursery propagating buchu plants experienced problems with poor growth. Examination of the buchu roots under a stereo microscope showed extensive galling with large numbers of female root-knot nematodes with eggsacs. Nematode extractions of the soil were also done. Only second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. (311 per 250 ml of soil) were recovered. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic method (1) was used for the identification of the root-knot nematode species. Ten intact females were dissected from the roots and individually placed directly in 5 μl drops of 1× PCR reaction buffer (16 mM [NH4]2SO4, 67 mM tris-HCL, pH 8.8, 0.1% vol/vol Tween 20) ontaining 60 μg/ml of proteinase K. The tube was kept at -80°C for a minimum of 10 min. The tube was incubated at 60°C for 15 min and 5 min at 95°C. The PCR amplifications were then prepared directly in the same tube. Amplified DNA fragments were digested with HinfI and DraI. The digested DNA was loaded on a 2% agarose gel, separated by electrophoresis, and detected by ethidium bromide staining. The digested amplified DNA fragments correspond to those of Meloidogyne javanica. Morphological characteristics were used to verify the PCR-based identification of the nematode. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. javanica causing extensive galling on the roots of Agathosma betulina. Visual damage to the roots indicates the root-knot nematode to be an important threat to the commercial cultivation of buchu. References: (1) R. Knoetze. Potential of the polymerase chain reaction for the identification of plant-parasitic nematodes. M.Sc. thesis. University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 1999. (2) A. J. Meyer, S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 20:75, 1999.

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Nematicidal Effects of Various Fractions of Curcuma longa against Meloidogyne incognita (root knot nematodes)

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research ◽

10.46592/turkager.2021.v02i01.013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 175-182

Author(s):

Uzma RASHID ◽

Aijaz PANHWAR ◽

Aisha FARHAN ◽

Musarrat AKHTER ◽

Nusrat JALBANI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Control Plant ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Production Plant ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic

Parasitism is an important limiting factor responsible to cause damage to agricultural production. Plant parasitic root knot nematodes attack several economic crops in Pakistan. Plant- parasitic nematodes considerably add huge losses to economies in the top tomatoes crop producing countries throughout the world, instead of controlling the main pathogenic nematode species as usual; one of the innovative strategies to control plant-parasitic nematodes would be to manage diversity in communities in order to lead them to be less pathogenic. The plants and their materials are one of the potential remedies for nematodes management. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) along with its several biological applications may serve as a biopesticide against Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode species. A bioassay guided isolation of various fractions of turmeric was subjected to nematicidal activity in comparison with Azadirachta indica against Meloidogyne incognita larvae at the concentration of 0.25, 0.5, and 1% for 48 hours. Alongside, Larvae and eggs of nematodes were inoculated around the tomato seedlings in experiments with turmeric in a growth chamber. The control contains water instead of turmeric. Root gall severity and final nematode population were suppressed significantly. It was observed that the use of turmeric is very important for selected plant parasitic nematodes management.

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Grass Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminis Whitehead, 1968 (Nematode: Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-in1231-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (2) ◽

Author(s):

William T. Crow

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Root Knot Nematodes ◽

Widespread Species ◽

Tropical Crops ◽

Grass Root ◽

Meloidogyne Spp ◽

Plant Parasitic

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most important plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, with most temperate and tropical crops suffering yield losses from one or more species of Meloidogyne. Root-knot nematodes are the most widely recognized plant-parasitic nematodes because the characteristic galls or knots they cause on plant roots are easily observed symptoms for diagnosis. Meloidogyne graminis is damaging to many turf and forage grasses. Due to the prevalence of this nematode on grasses, and the prevalence of grasses compared to other crops in the state, it is likely the most widespread species of root-knot nematode in Florida. It is of increasing concern due to the rising importance of turfgrasses in the Florida economy, the susceptibility of grasses to this nematode, and implementation of new diagnostic techniques that have brought to light the damaging potential of this nematode. This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1231

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Plant parasitic nematodes and their management in the Maritime provinces of Canada

Phytoprotection ◽

10.7202/705982ar ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 45-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. Kimpinski ◽

L.S. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Crop Yields ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Meloidogyne Hapla ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Maritime Provinces ◽

Management Procedures ◽

The Impact ◽

Plant Parasitic

This paper presents a review of the plant parasitic nematodes that are of concern in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince-Edward-Island, and the approaches used to manage them. The root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) is the only nematode species in the region that regularly reduces crop yields. The northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) occasionally causes damage to carrots (Daucus carota), but population levels of this nematode species usually are very low. The clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii) is widespread, but has not caused any damage to crops in the region. Management procedures used to reduce the impact of plant parasitic nematodes in the Maritime provinces, e.g. crop rotations, nematicide treatments, enforcement of quarantine regulations, and tillage practices are discussed. A nematode advisory service is also considered.

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Toward genetic modification of plant-parasitic nematodes: delivery of macromolecules to adults and expression of exogenous mRNA in second stage juveniles

G3 Genes|Genome|Genetics ◽

10.1093/g3journal/jkaa058 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Olaf Kranse ◽

Helen Beasley ◽

Sally Adams ◽

Andre Pires-daSilva ◽

Christopher Bell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Security ◽

Genetic Modification ◽

The Body ◽

Forward Genetics ◽

Heterodera Schachtii ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Cyst Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic

Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are a continuing threat to food security, causing an estimated 100 billion USD in crop losses each year. The most problematic are the obligate sedentary endoparasites (primarily root knot nematodes and cyst nematodes). Progress in understanding their biology is held back by a lack of tools for functional genetics: forward genetics is largely restricted to studies of natural variation in populations and reverse genetics is entirely reliant on RNA interference. There is an expectation that the development of functional genetic tools would accelerate the progress of research on plant-parasitic nematodes, and hence the development of novel control solutions. Here, we develop some of the foundational biology required to deliver a functional genetic tool kit in plant-parasitic nematodes. We characterize the gonads of male Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne hapla in the context of spermatogenesis. We test and optimize various methods for the delivery, expression, and/or detection of exogenous nucleic acids in plant-parasitic nematodes. We demonstrate that delivery of macromolecules to cyst and root knot nematode male germlines is difficult, but possible. Similarly, we demonstrate the delivery of oligonucleotides to root knot nematode gametes. Finally, we develop a transient expression system in plant-parasitic nematodes by demonstrating the delivery and expression of exogenous mRNA encoding various reporter genes throughout the body of H. schachtii juveniles using lipofectamine-based transfection. We anticipate these developments to be independently useful, will expedite the development of genetic modification tools for plant-parasitic nematodes, and ultimately catalyze research on a group of nematodes that threaten global food security.

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The role of plant-parasitic nematodes in reducing yield of sugarcane in fine-textured soils in Queensland, Australia

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea05287 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 620 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

B. L. Blair ◽

G. R. Stirling

Keyword(s):

Growth And Yield ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Population Densities ◽

Lesion Nematode ◽

Yield Responses ◽

The Impact ◽

Stalk Length ◽

Plant Parasitic

Damage to sugarcane caused by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is well documented in infertile coarse-textured soils, but crop losses have never been assessed in the fine-textured soils on which more than 95% of Australia’s sugarcane is grown. The impact of nematodes in these more fertile soils was assessed by repeatedly applying nematicides (aldicarb and fenamiphos) to plant and ratoon crops in 16 fields, and measuring their effects on nematode populations, sugarcane growth and yield. In untreated plant crops, mid-season population densities of lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae), root-knot nematode (M. javanica), stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus annulatus), spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus dihystera) and stubby-root nematode (Paratrichodorus minor) averaged 1065, 214, 535, 217 and 103 nematodes/200 mL soil, respectively. Lower mean nematode population densities were recorded in the first ratoon, particularly for root-knot nematode. Nematicides reduced populations of lesion nematode by 66–99% in both plant and ratoon crops, but control of root-knot nematode was inconsistent, particularly in ratoons. Nematicide treatment had a greater impact on shoot and stalk length than on shoot and stalk number. The entire community of pest nematodes appeared to be contributing to lost productivity, but stalk length and final yield responses correlated most consistently with the number of lesion nematodes controlled. Fine roots in nematicide-treated plots were healthier and more numerous than in untreated plots, and this was indicative of the reduced impact of lesion nematode. Yield responses averaged 15.3% in plant crops and 11.6% in ratoons, indicating that nematodes are subtle but significant pests of sugarcane in fine-textured soils. On the basis of these results, plant-parasitic nematodes are conservatively estimated to cost the Australian sugar industry about AU$82 million/annum.

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