Soil pore distribution as affected by cattle trampling under no-till and reduced-till systems

Soil pore size affects soil air and water dynamics, and thus influence crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of reduced-tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on soil pore distribution under animal grazing. The soil was sampled at 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm depths before and after animal grazing. Bulk density, total porosity and the volume of three pore sizes (macropores, mesopores and micropores) were determined. Differences in total porosity between both tillage systems were statistically significant (P<0.01) in the top 10 cm layer before grazing. Lower total porosity in NT could be related to the effect of previous years'grazing. In RT, disk operations before planting the oat (Avena sativa) crop increased porosity values in the tilled zone at 0-10 cm and decreased them at depths below 10 cm. Macroporosity accounted for 32 (RT) and 20% (NT) of the total porosity in the soil surface, and decreased to 17 (RT) and 17% (NT) in deeper layers. Cattle trampling had a more pronounced effect under RT as compared with NT. Tillage operations increased macroporosity, which had been reduced by cattle trampling. Bulk density and total porosity were adversely affected below 15 cm depth.

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INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2003v8n3p242-249 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 242-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽

José Frederico Centurion ◽

Cassiano Garcia Roque ◽

Zigomar Menezes de Souza

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Agricultural Science ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Loose Soil ◽

Physical Attributes

INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Amauri Nelson BeutlerJosé Frederico CenturionCassiano Garcia RoqueZigomar Menezes de SouzaDepartamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP. CEP 14870-000. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1 RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a influência da compactação e do cultivo de soja nos atributos físicos e na condutividade hidráulica de um Latossolo Vermelho de textura média. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista – Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal (SP). Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 6 passadas de um trator, uma ao lado da outra perfazendo toda a superfície do solo, com quatro repetições. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para a condutividade hidráulica e, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 para os atributos físicos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas faixas de profundidades de 0,02-0,05; 0,07-0,10 e 0,15-0,18 m, por ocasião da semeadura e após a colheita para determinação da densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade do solo. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi determinada após a colheita. O tempo entre a semeadura e a colheita de soja foi suficiente para aumentar a compactação do solo apenas na condição de solo solto. A compactação do solo reduziu a condutividade hidráulica em relação a condição natural (mata) e a condição de solo solto, sendo que esta não foi reduzida, após a primeira passagem, com o aumento no número de passagens. UNITERMOS: Densidade do solo, porosidade do solo, infiltração de água, soja. BEUTLER, A. N.; CENTURION, J. F.; ROQUE, C. G.; SOUZA, Z. M. COMPACTION AND SOYBEAN GROW INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN RED LATOSSOL SOIL 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of compaction and soybean grow on physical attributes and hydraulic conductivity of a Red Latossol, medium texture soil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental farm at the Paulista State University – Agricultural Science College, Jaboticabal – São Paulo state. The treatments were 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 side-by-side tractor strides on the soil surface with four replications. The experimental design was completely randomized for hydraulic conductivity and a 5 x 2 factorial design for soil physical attributes. Soil samples have been collected at 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depth at sowing season and after harvest in order to determine soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and micro porosity. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined after harvest. The time period between the soybean sowing and harvesting was enough to increase soil compaction only in loose soil condition. Soil compaction reduced hydraulic conductivity compared to the natural (forest) and loose soil condition KEYWORDS: Bulk density, soil porosity, water infiltration, soybean.

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Physical Quality of an Oxisol in Different Agricultural Systems in Brazilian Cerrado

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n7p46 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

Diego Dos Santos Pereira ◽

Rafael Montanari ◽

Christtiane Fernandes Oliveira ◽

Jean Carlos de Almeida Ramos ◽

Alan Rodrigo Panosso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Forest Plantations ◽

Soil Resistance ◽

Brazilian Cerrado ◽

Physical Quality ◽

Soil Physical Quality ◽

The Impact ◽

Resistance To Penetration

The soil physical quality is a way of evaluating the current condition of forest plantations that is growing in the southeast region of Mato Grosso do Sul State. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of the forest plantations on the physical quality of an Oxisol (Haplic Acrustox) in Cerrado. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental area of the Teaching and Research Farm, of the Engineering college of Ilha Solteira (UNESP), located in the city of Selvíria-MS, situated in the conditions of the Brazilian Cerrado. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 and 0.30-0.40 m in three areas cultivated for 30 years: area (1) Pine forest (Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis); (2) Eucalyptus forest (Eucalyptus camaldulensis); (3) Reforested ciliary forest, being used a completely randomized design, with 25 replications and 3 treatments. The analyzed attributes of the soil was: macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi), total porosity (TP), bulk density (BD), real particle (RP), soil resistance to penetration (PR), gravimetric moisture (GM), volumetric moisture (VM) and sand, silt and clay contents. The three evaluated areas presented macroporosity below the critical limit (0.100 m³ m-³), thereby impairing the root development. The three evaluated areas affected the physical quality of the soil. Being the physical attributes that most influenced in the reduction of the soil physical quality was the bulk density, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity and soil resistance to penetration.

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Compressive behaviour of the soil in buffer zones under different management practices in Finland

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/145960610791542370 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 160 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. RÄTY ◽

R. HORN ◽

K. RASA

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Management Practices ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Buffer Zone ◽

Air Permeability ◽

Buffer Zones ◽

The Impact

Soil structure that favours infiltration is essential for successful functioning of vegetated buffer zones. We measured bulk density, air permeability and precompression stress in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) and a sandy loam (Haplic Regosol) in Finland, to identify management-related changes in the physical and mechanical properties in the surface soil of buffer zones. In addition, the impact of texture on these properties was studied at depths down to 180?200 cm. Soil cores (240 cm3) were sampled from a cultivated field, from buffer zones harvested by grazing (only in a clay soil) or by cutting and removing the vegetation, and from buffer zones covered with natural grass vegetation. The samples were equilibrated at a matric potential of -6 kPa and compressed at a normal stress range of 20-400 kPa (7 h), followed by stress removal (1 h). Generally, the clay soil was more compressible than the sandy loam. Due to trampling by cattle, the young grazed buffer zone (0-3 cm) had the largest bulk density and the smallest total porosity. For the grazed sites, reduced air permeability (2.7-5.1 × 10-5 m s-1) was found, compared with that of the buffer zone under natural vegetation (15-22 × 10-5 m s-1), indicating decreased pore continuity. Although the old grazed site was easily compressed, compared with the younger site, it showed a greater resilience capacity due to the protective cover of organic residues accumulated on the soil surface.

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Phosphate fertilization and phosphorus forms in an Oxisol under no-till

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162010000400014 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 465-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Dácio Olibone ◽

Ciro Antonio Rosolem

Keyword(s):

Soil Depth ◽

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Fertilizer Efficiency ◽

Plant Residues ◽

P Availability ◽

No Till ◽

Triple Super Phosphate ◽

Before And After ◽

Top 40

Under no-till phosphorus (P) accumulates in a few centimeters of the topsoil layer. Plant residues left on the soil surface release P and organic acids, which may improve P availability and fertilizer efficiency, including both soluble (such as triple super phosphate) and less soluble sources (such as reactive natural phosphates). In this study, soybean response to P fertilizer and P forms in the top 40 cm of an Oxisol were evaluated after surface application of different phosphates in a 5-year-old no-till system. Treatments consisted of 0 or 80 kg ha-1 of total P2O5 applied on the soil surface, both as natural reactive phosphate (NRP) or triple super phosphate (TSP). In addition, 80 kg ha-1 of P2O5 were applied to subplots, in furrows below and beside the soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds, in different combinations of NRP and TSP. Soil samples were taken before and after the soybean growth, down to 0.40 m and soil phosphorus was chemically fractionated. The responses to NRP were similar to TSP, with an increase in P reserves at greater depths, even in non-available forms, such as P-occluded. After the soybean harvest, P-occluded levels were lower at the surface layer, but an increase was observed in the soluble, organic and total P down to 40 cm. An improved P distribution in soil depth, especially regarding the soluble and organic forms, resulted in higher soybean yields, even when the phosphates were applied to the soil surface.

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Morphology, Growth and Architecture Response of Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Maple Tree (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seedlings to Soil Compaction Stress Caused by Mechanized Logging Operations

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10090771 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 771 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rodolfo Picchio ◽

Farzam Tavankar ◽

Mehrdad Nikooy ◽

Giuseppe Pignatti ◽

Rachele Venanzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Root Length ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Stem Length ◽

Main Root ◽

The Impact

The Caspian forests of Iran were monitored and evaluated for forest natural regeneration after logging activities for more than a decade. This large area has a substantial ecological, environmental and socio-economic importance. Ground based skidding is the most common logging method in these forests and soil compaction is the most critical consequence of this method. One of the current main topics and important emerging issue in forest research of the last decade are discussed in this study. Soil compaction has major influences on growth and/or mortality rates of forest seedlings. This study has lasted for over ten years so as to have a clear overview related to forest natural regeneration after logging activities. We monitored and evaluated physical soil properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and total porosity) and their effects on maple and beech seedlings on 10-year-old skid trails in the Iranian Caspian forests. Results obtained from evaluating the impact of skid trails within the aforementioned three soil physical parameters were significant; bulk density increased by 12.6% on log skidded routes (between two skidder tires on skid trail) and 36.1% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (1.19 g/cm3), penetration resistance increased by 68% on log skidded routes and 220% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (0.25 MPa), total porosity decreased by 12.8% on log skidded routes and 30.9% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (54%). Among the morphological parameters, lateral root length (LRL) and root penetration depth (RPD) showed the highest decrease at soil compaction compared to the control (decrease in LRL: 60% in maple and 44% in beech; decrease in RPD: 56% in both maple and beech); the main response of growth parameters to soil compaction was found in roots (decrease in dry mass of 36% both in maple and beech); architectural parameters were also influenced by soil compaction, and the response of both seedling species was more evident in the ratio of main root to stem length (RRS) (reduction in RRS 42% in maple, 33% in beech); the ratio of RPD to main root length (RPL) also showed a great reduction (reduction in RPL 20% in maple 33% in beech). Physical soil properties, changes in other environmental properties of skid trails, created differences in beech and maple seedling growth between the skid trails and non-skid trails. This was closely related to the physiological characteristics of the two species studied. Beech seedlings reacted well to a moderate uncovering but they needed little disturbed soil, even if there was a very mixed bedding. Maple seedlings reacted better than beech seedlings to the uncovering and soil disturbance. The effects of the skid trail on morphology, growth and architecture of maple seedlings in the Hyrcanian beech forests showed that the maple, as a seedling, is a suitable species for maintaining the physical properties of skid trails after logging operations in the beech stands in the Caspian forests of Iran.

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Modeling the Impact of Rhizosphere Bulk Density and Mucilage Gradients on Root Water Uptake

Frontiers in Agronomy ◽

10.3389/fagro.2021.622367 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Landl ◽

Maxime Phalempin ◽

Steffen Schlüter ◽

Doris Vetterlein ◽

Jan Vanderborght ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Hydraulic Properties ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Root Water Uptake ◽

Water Dynamics ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽

Soil Hydraulic ◽

The Impact

In models of water flow in soil and roots, differences in the soil hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere and the bulk soil are usually neglected. There is, however, strong experimental evidence that rhizosphere and bulk soil hydraulic properties differ significantly from each other due to various root-soil interaction processes. Two such processes, which can also influence each other, are rhizosphere loosening or compaction and mucilage deposition. In this work, we identified realistic gradients in rhizosphere bulk density and mucilage concentration using X-ray CT imaging, respectively, model simulation for two different soil types and soil bulk densities and related them to soil hydraulic parameters. Using a 1D-single-root model, we then evaluated both the individual and combined effects of these gradients on soil water dynamics using scenario simulations. We showed that during soil drying, a lower rhizosphere bulk density leads to an earlier onset of water stress and to a reduced root water uptake that is sustained longer. The presence of mucilage led to a faster reduction of root water uptake. This is due to the stronger effect of mucilage viscosity on hydraulic conductivity compared to the mucilage- induced increase in water retention. Root water uptake was rapidly reduced when both mucilage and rhizosphere bulk density gradients were considered. The intensity of the effect of gradients in rhizosphere bulk density and mucilage concentration depended strongly on the interplay between initial soil hydraulic conditions, soil type and soil bulk densities. Both gradients in rhizosphere bulk density and mucilage concentration appear as a measure to sustain transpiration at a lower level and to avoid fast dehydration.

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Physical Properties of Peat-based Substrates Amended with a Mature Dairy Cow Manure Compost Before and After Plant Cultivation

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-34.2.56 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 56-62

Author(s):

Ka Yeon Jeong ◽

Paul V. Nelson ◽

Carl E. Niedziela ◽

William F. Brinton ◽

William C. Fonteno

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dairy Manure ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Manure Compost ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Before And After ◽

Dairy Cow Manure ◽

The Impact

Initial and final physical properties of four substrates based on a sphagnum peat moss:perlite (3:1 v/v) substrate where mature dairy manure compost (DMC) was partially substituted for peat moss at 0, 16, 26, or 33% DMC of total substrate volume (equivalent to DMC to peat moss ratios of 0, 1, 2, or 3 on a dry weight basis, respectively) were evaluated during a 12-week crop of ‘Macumba’ pot chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitam]. The impact of time on physical properties was similar in all substrates, indicating that DMC was as stable as peat moss. Addition of DMC to substrates increased bulk density (Db) and lowered total porosity (TP) and air space (AS). Compared to peat moss plus perlite without DMC, container capacity (CC) increased with 16 and 26% DMC and was similar at 33% DMC. Addition of DMC at 33% resulted in a decrease in available water (AW). Plant shoot dry weight was higher in all substrates containing DMC, with the maximum at 26% DMC, compared to peat moss plus perlite without DMC.

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Measurements and simulations of compaction effects on the least limiting water range of a no-till Oxisol

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr19074 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renato P. de Lima ◽

Thomas Keller ◽

Neyde B. F. Giarola ◽

Cassio A. Tormena ◽

Anderson R. da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transfer Function ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Transfer Functions ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Model Soil ◽

No Till ◽

Before And After ◽

Least Limiting Water Range

No-till has many environmental advantages, but concerns are growing about vehicle-induced topsoil compaction limiting crop growth. We performed a wheeling experiment in a long-term no-till field on an Oxisol with sandy loam texture. The objectives were to measure changes in soil bulk density and corresponding impacts on the least limiting water range (LLWR) due to passage of a maize harvester, and to compare bulk density and LLWR measurements with values simulated using the SoilFlex-LLWR soil compaction model. Soil cores were sampled before and after wheeling, for bulk density measurements and to determine LLWR. Simulated increase in bulk density due to vehicle wheeling agreed well with measurements. However, simulated LLWR and its decrease with compaction were inaccurate. This was ascribed to the pedo-transfer function used in SoilFlex-LLWR to estimate LLWR parameters, which was developed based on data from conventionally tilled sugarcane fields, whereas our site was a long-term no-till soil under a wheat/soybean–maize/black oats rotation. Our measurements showed that LLWR was strongly restricted by soil penetration resistance, which was not captured by the pedo-transfer function incorporated in SoilFlex-LLWR. For better prediction of LLWR, we recommend development of specific pedo-transfer functions or of mechanistic models that can be incorporated in SoilFlex-LLWR.

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Black Plastic Tarps Advance Organic Reduced Tillage II: Impact on Weeds and Beet Yield

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14793-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 826-831

Author(s):

Haley Rylander ◽

Anusuya Rangarajan ◽

Ryan M. Maher ◽

Mark G. Hutton ◽

Nicholas W. Rowley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Yields ◽

Soil Health ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

No Till ◽

Organic Vegetable Production

Organic vegetable farmers rely on intensive tillage to control weeds, incorporate amendments and residues, and prepare seedbeds. Intensive tillage, however, can lead to a decrease in long-term soil health. Placing opaque plastic tarps on the soil surface weeks or months before planting can reduce weed pressure and may facilitate organic reduced tillage strategies, but few studies have documented tarp effects on crop productivity. The effect of tarp duration and tillage intensity on weeds and beet crop yields (cultivar Boro) was evaluated at three locations (Freeville, NY; Riverhead, NY; and Monmouth, ME), for two planting dates and over 2 years (2017 and 2018), resulting in a total of 10 experiments. Tarps were applied for three durations before projected planting dates: 1) 10+ weeks (long), 2) 6 to 8 weeks (mid), and 3) 3 to 5 weeks (short), then compared with an untarped control (none). Three levels of tillage intensity were applied after tarp removal: 1) 10 to 20 cm (conventional till), 2) 3 to 8 cm (reduced till), and 3) left undisturbed (no till), to understand interactions between tillage intensity and tarping. Tarp use of three or more weeks lowered weed biomass for several weeks after beet planting and at-harvest across most locations and years, but tarp duration beyond 3 weeks did not result in further reductions. Tarp use lowered at-harvest weed biomass and increased crop yield for reduced- and no-till systems with results similar to conventional-till. Tarping for 3 weeks could improve the viability of reduced- and no-till approaches for organic vegetable production.

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Impacts of Logging-Associated Compaction on Forest Soils: A Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change ◽

10.3389/ffgc.2021.780074 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

Meisam Nazari ◽

Mohammad Eteghadipour ◽

Mohsen Zarebanadkouki ◽

Mohammad Ghorbani ◽

Michaela A. Dippold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Ecosystem Function ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

The Impact

Soil compaction associated with mechanized wood harvesting can long-lastingly disturb forest soils, ecosystem function, and productivity. Sustainable forest management requires precise and deep knowledge of logging operation impacts on forest soils, which can be attained by meta-analysis studies covering representative forest datasets. We performed a meta-analysis on the impact of logging-associated compaction on forest soils microbial biomass carbon (MBC), bulk density, total porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) affected by two management factors (machine weight and passage frequency), two soil factors (texture and depth), and the time passed since the compaction event. Compaction significantly decreased soil MBC by −29.5% only in subsoils (>30 cm). Overall, compaction increased soil bulk density by 8.9% and reduced total porosity and Ksat by −10.1 and −40.2%, respectively. The most striking finding of this meta-analysis is that the greatest disturbance to soil bulk density, total porosity, and Ksat occurs after very frequent (>20) machine passages. This contradicts the existing claims that most damage to forest soils happens after a few machine passages. Furthermore, the analyzed physical variables did not recover to the normal level within a period of 3–6 years. Thus, altering these physical properties can disturb forest ecosystem function and productivity, because they play important roles in water and air supply as well as in biogeochemical cycling in forest ecosystems. To minimize the impact, we recommend the selection of suitable logging machines and decreasing the frequency of machine passages as well as logging out of rainy seasons especially in clayey soils. It is also very important to minimize total skid trail coverage for sustainable forest management.

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