Morphology, Growth and Architecture Response of Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Maple Tree (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seedlings to Soil Compaction Stress Caused by Mechanized Logging Operations

The Caspian forests of Iran were monitored and evaluated for forest natural regeneration after logging activities for more than a decade. This large area has a substantial ecological, environmental and socio-economic importance. Ground based skidding is the most common logging method in these forests and soil compaction is the most critical consequence of this method. One of the current main topics and important emerging issue in forest research of the last decade are discussed in this study. Soil compaction has major influences on growth and/or mortality rates of forest seedlings. This study has lasted for over ten years so as to have a clear overview related to forest natural regeneration after logging activities. We monitored and evaluated physical soil properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and total porosity) and their effects on maple and beech seedlings on 10-year-old skid trails in the Iranian Caspian forests. Results obtained from evaluating the impact of skid trails within the aforementioned three soil physical parameters were significant; bulk density increased by 12.6% on log skidded routes (between two skidder tires on skid trail) and 36.1% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (1.19 g/cm3), penetration resistance increased by 68% on log skidded routes and 220% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (0.25 MPa), total porosity decreased by 12.8% on log skidded routes and 30.9% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (54%). Among the morphological parameters, lateral root length (LRL) and root penetration depth (RPD) showed the highest decrease at soil compaction compared to the control (decrease in LRL: 60% in maple and 44% in beech; decrease in RPD: 56% in both maple and beech); the main response of growth parameters to soil compaction was found in roots (decrease in dry mass of 36% both in maple and beech); architectural parameters were also influenced by soil compaction, and the response of both seedling species was more evident in the ratio of main root to stem length (RRS) (reduction in RRS 42% in maple, 33% in beech); the ratio of RPD to main root length (RPL) also showed a great reduction (reduction in RPL 20% in maple 33% in beech). Physical soil properties, changes in other environmental properties of skid trails, created differences in beech and maple seedling growth between the skid trails and non-skid trails. This was closely related to the physiological characteristics of the two species studied. Beech seedlings reacted well to a moderate uncovering but they needed little disturbed soil, even if there was a very mixed bedding. Maple seedlings reacted better than beech seedlings to the uncovering and soil disturbance. The effects of the skid trail on morphology, growth and architecture of maple seedlings in the Hyrcanian beech forests showed that the maple, as a seedling, is a suitable species for maintaining the physical properties of skid trails after logging operations in the beech stands in the Caspian forests of Iran.

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Post-Harvest Evaluation of Soil Physical Properties and Natural Regeneration Growth in Steep-Slope Terrains

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10111034 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hadi Sohrabi ◽

Meghdad Jourgholami ◽

Farzam Tavankar ◽

Rachele Venanzi ◽

Rodolfo Picchio

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Physical Properties ◽

Control Area ◽

Traffic Intensity ◽

Significant Difference

Protection of forest soils during harvesting operations is necessary to reduce damage and accelerate recovery time. The current study aims to evaluate soil physical properties, natural regeneration, and its recovery process in treatments including slope gradient, traffic intensity and skid trail after long periods of time, after ceasing the timber harvesting operations. The most recent skidding operations within each 5 years recovery period were studied for a chronosequence of 20 years. Soil samples were taken in abandoned skid trails and data were recorded on naturally regenerated species and density. The results revealed that most soil disturbances occurred on the slopes >20%, as well as the highest levels of traffic intensity. Bulk density and penetration resistance were still higher than the control area, with a significant difference between them, while total porosity was partially recovered. Twenty years after the skidding operation, soil bulk density and penetration resistance were 13.2% and 23.7% higher than the control area, while total porosity was 9.78% lower the than value of the control area. Seedlings of 50–150 cm and >150 cm in height on skid trails had significantly lower density than those in the control. The number of seedlings per m2 was less than the control area in all skid trails and for all height classes. The proportion of seedlings present in low traffic intensity was higher than in medium and high traffic intensities. The findings confirmed that full recovery rates are lengthy, and more time than 20 years is required to fully recover, especially with regards to penetration resistance.

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The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/76/2013-jfs ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 28-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

A. Solgi ◽

A. Najafi

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Average Moisture Content ◽

Heavy Equipment ◽

Operational Practices ◽

Site Disturbance ◽

Disturbed Soils

Soil properties can be affected by heavy equipment used for skidding but these impacts vary greatly with site conditions and operational practices. We assessed the effects of ground-based skidding on site disturbance and soil physical properties. We also tested the effects of skid trail slope and traffic frequency on soil compaction, total porosity, and moisture content. On average, about 30% of all harvested area was disturbed to varying levels. Intact forest floor (undisturbed) and light slash were the dominant surface conditions, covering an average of 68.9% of harvested area. Deep disturbed soils accounted for only just over 1.1% of observations. Results showed that dry bulk density, total porosity and moisture content were affected considerably on skid trails by traffic frequency and skid trail slope. Measurements of soil properties in the surface layer (0–10 cm) showed that bulk density is 57% higher and total porosity is 31% lower on the skid trail compared to the undisturbed area. Average moisture content has been measured as 35% on the skid trail versus 47% in the undisturbed area.  

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Temporal trends in soil properties at a soil quality benchmark site in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s01-089 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 499-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

E A Kenney ◽

J W Hall ◽

C. Wang

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Quality ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Total N

A national soil quality monitoring program was established in 1990 to address concerns that the quality of Canada's agricultural soils was in decline. The British Columbia benchmark site (01-BC) was established in 1991 and is located on the Pelly soil series (Orthic Humic Gleysol) supporting a corn-forage-pasture rotation in the Lower Mainland ecoregion. The objectives of this study were to report on the differences in: (1) the measured soil properties for the 5-yr period between baseline data collection in 1991 and resampling in 1996 and (2) the properties measured annually as indicators of soil compaction. A 25-m (25-m grid was used at the site to locate sampling points for bulk density and collecting soil samples of the Ap, BCg, and Cg horizons, as well as the measurement locations for saturated hydraulic conductivity and penetration resistance. A 5-yr interval sampling regime was used to sample the Ap, BCg, and Cg horizons and bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and penetration resistance were sampled annually from 1992 to 1998. Between 1991 and 1996 in the A horizons, pH, available P, C:N ratio and bulk density increased by 4.6, 7.8, 2.5, and 8%, respectively, and available K, total C and total N decreased by 21, 16.5, and 18.3%, respectively. In the BCg horizon, pH, available P and C:N ratio increased by 5, 126, and 8%, respectively, and the available K and total N both decreased by 21%. Bulk density remained unchanged. The assumption that the soil chemical properties in the Cg horizon would remain stable during the study period did not hold. The trends detected for the Cg horizon were similar to those measured for the upper two horizons. However, only the reductions in available K and total N and increases in C:N were significant. The changes in the soil physical properties measured at this site indicate that some soil compaction has occurred. Both bulk density at 20 cm and penetration resistance increased at all depths between 1994 and 1998, which coincided with the time period that grazing was included in the crop rotation. Field saturated hydraulic conductivity at 25 cm (Ap2 horizon), although highly variable from year to year also tended to be lower during the pasture rotation. The penetration resistance measurements, which detected changes at all depths, appeared to be a more sensitive indicator of soil compaction than either bulk density or field saturated hydraulic conductivity. Key words: Soil quality, soil monitoring, soil properties, soil compaction, temporal change

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INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2003v8n3p242-249 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 242-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amauri Nelson Beutler ◽

José Frederico Centurion ◽

Cassiano Garcia Roque ◽

Zigomar Menezes de Souza

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Agricultural Science ◽

Water Infiltration ◽

Loose Soil ◽

Physical Attributes

INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPACTAÇÃO E DO CULTIVO DE SOJA NOS ATRIBUTOS FÍSICOS E NA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA EM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Amauri Nelson BeutlerJosé Frederico CenturionCassiano Garcia RoqueZigomar Menezes de SouzaDepartamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP. CEP 14870-000. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1 RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a influência da compactação e do cultivo de soja nos atributos físicos e na condutividade hidráulica de um Latossolo Vermelho de textura média. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista – Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal (SP). Os tratamentos foram: 0, 1, 2, 4 e 6 passadas de um trator, uma ao lado da outra perfazendo toda a superfície do solo, com quatro repetições. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado para a condutividade hidráulica e, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 para os atributos físicos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas faixas de profundidades de 0,02-0,05; 0,07-0,10 e 0,15-0,18 m, por ocasião da semeadura e após a colheita para determinação da densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade do solo. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi determinada após a colheita. O tempo entre a semeadura e a colheita de soja foi suficiente para aumentar a compactação do solo apenas na condição de solo solto. A compactação do solo reduziu a condutividade hidráulica em relação a condição natural (mata) e a condição de solo solto, sendo que esta não foi reduzida, após a primeira passagem, com o aumento no número de passagens. UNITERMOS: Densidade do solo, porosidade do solo, infiltração de água, soja. BEUTLER, A. N.; CENTURION, J. F.; ROQUE, C. G.; SOUZA, Z. M. COMPACTION AND SOYBEAN GROW INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY IN RED LATOSSOL SOIL 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of compaction and soybean grow on physical attributes and hydraulic conductivity of a Red Latossol, medium texture soil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental farm at the Paulista State University – Agricultural Science College, Jaboticabal – São Paulo state. The treatments were 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 side-by-side tractor strides on the soil surface with four replications. The experimental design was completely randomized for hydraulic conductivity and a 5 x 2 factorial design for soil physical attributes. Soil samples have been collected at 0.02-0.05, 0.07-0.10 and 0.15-0.18 m depth at sowing season and after harvest in order to determine soil bulk density, total porosity, macro and micro porosity. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined after harvest. The time period between the soybean sowing and harvesting was enough to increase soil compaction only in loose soil condition. Soil compaction reduced hydraulic conductivity compared to the natural (forest) and loose soil condition KEYWORDS: Bulk density, soil porosity, water infiltration, soybean.

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Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss2011-026 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 957-964 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

C. Halde ◽

A. M. Hammermeister ◽

N. L. Mclean ◽

K. T. Webb ◽

R. C. Martin

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Intensive Treatment ◽

Rotational Grazing ◽

Pasture Management ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Rest Periods ◽

Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

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Effect of irrigation machines on soil compaction

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/26/2013-rae ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. S1-S8

Author(s):

J. Jobbágy ◽

P. Findura ◽

F. Janík

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Technological Operation ◽

Performance Parameters ◽

Shallow Soil ◽

Average Resistance ◽

The Impact

The analysis of soil compaction with chassis of a wide-span irrigation machine Valmont was determined. The sprinkler had 12 two-wheeled chassis (size of tyre 14.9'' × 24''). During the evaluation of soil compaction, we monitored the values of penetration resistance and soil moisture during the operation of the sprinkler. Considering the performance parameters of the pump, the sprinkler was only half of its length (300 m) in the technological operation. In this area, also field measurements were performed in 19 monitoring points spaced both in tracks and outside the chassis tracks. The analysis showed the impact of compression with sprinkler wheels. The correction of obtained results of penetration resistance was applied in connection with soil moisture (mass) values according to Act No. 220/2004 (Lhotský et al. 1985). The results of average resistance ranged from 1.2 to 3.26 MPa. The values of the max. resistance ranged from 2.3 to 5.35 MPa. The results indicated a shallow soil compaction; however, it is not devastating.

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THE IMPACT OF FALLOWING AND GREEN MANURING ON SOIL CONDITIONS AND THE GROWTH OF SUGARCANE

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479703001467 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 127-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. J. NIXON ◽

L. P. SIMMONDS

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Crop Production ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Ratoon Crop ◽

Green Manuring ◽

Sugarcane Crop ◽

Air Supply ◽

The Impact

There are currently concerns within some sugar industries that long-term monoculture has led to soil degradation and consequent yield decline. An investigation was conducted in Swaziland to assess the effects of fallowing and green manuring practices, over a seven-month period, on sugarcane yields and the physical properties of a poorly draining clay soil. In the subsequent first sugarcane crop after planting, yields were improved from 129 t ha−1 under continuous sugarcane to 141–144 t ha−1 after fallowing and green manuring, but there were no significant responses in the first and second ratoon crops. Also, in the first crop after planting, root length index increased from 3.5 km m−2 under continuous sugarcane to 5.2–6.8 km m−2 after fallowing, and improved rooting was still evident in the first ratoon crop where there had been soil drying during the fallow period. Soil bulk density, total porosity and water-holding capacity were not affected by the fallowing practices. However, air-filled porosity increased from 11 % under continuous sugarcane to 16% after fallowing, and steady state ponded infiltration rates were increased from 0.61 mm h−1 to 1.34 mm h−1, but these improvements were no longer evident after a year back under sugarcane. Levels of soil organic matter were reduced in all cases, probably as a result of the tillage operations involved. In the plant crop, root length was well correlated with air-filled porosity, indicating the importance of improving belowground air supply for crop production on poorly draining clay soils.

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Impact of Soil Compaction on Bulk Density and Root Biomass ofQuercus petraeaL. at Reclaimed Post-Lignite Mining Site in Lusatia, Germany

Applied and Environmental Soil Science ◽

10.1155/2015/504603 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eric K. A. Twum ◽

Seth Nii-Annang

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Quercus Petraea ◽

Mining Site ◽

Lignite Mining ◽

Mining Soil ◽

The Impact

The impact of soil compaction on bulk density and root biomass ofQuercus petraeaL. was assessed after 85 years of reclamation of post-lignite mining soil at Welzow-South, in Lusatia, Germany. Bulk density of core soils sampled from 20 to 25 cm, 100 to 105 cm, and 200 to 205 cm depths and oven-dried biomass ofQ. petraearoots sampled from 0 to 30 cm and at successive depths of 20 cm, up to 210 cm depth at compacted and uncompacted sites were determined. Bulk density was significantly higher at 20 to 25 cm (1.74±0.09 g cm−3) and 100 to 105 cm (1.65±0.06 g cm−3) depths of the compacted site. Likewise, compaction induced significant greater root biomass within the 0 to 70 cm depth with higher bulk density; root biomass at this depth was 2-fold greater compared to the uncompacted site. Root biomass decreased with soil depth and showed significant relationship with depth at both sites. The result indicates that, after 85 years of reclamation, the impact of soil compaction persisted as evident in higher bulk density and greater root biomass.

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Silage maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings emergence as influenced by soil compaction treatments and contact pressures

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3588-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No, 7) ◽

pp. 289-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

O.F. Taser ◽

O. Kara

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Contact Pressure ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Mean Value ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Contact Pressures

Soil compaction caused by mechanical force affects the vegetative and generative plant growth. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil compaction treatments and soil contact pressures on bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence in a clay-loam soil. Soil compaction treatments were applied while planting as follows: Compaction on furrow surface (F-surface), compaction on furrow bottom (F-bottom), compaction on inter row (I-row), and non-extra compaction as a control (C). The soil contact pressures of 0.025, 0.051 and 0.076 MPa were applied while the control was 0.0085 MPa. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments and contact pressures were recorded in bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence. Percentage of emerged seedlings increased as the soil contact pressure was increased slightly. The lowest mean percentage of emerged seedlings (52.63%) was obtained with 0.076 MPa contact pressure in F-surface treatment and the highest mean value (81.58%) was obtained with 0.025 MPa contact pressure in F-bottom compaction treatment. The control treatment gave the 69% mean value under the non-irrigated condition.

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Gypsum, Soil Scarification and Succession Planting as Alternatives to Mitigate Compaction of Dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v10n8p277 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 277

Author(s):

Eduardo Antonio Neves dos Santos ◽

Milton César Costa Campos ◽

Jose Mauricio da Cunha ◽

Fernando Gomes de Souza ◽

Paulo Guilherme Salvador Wadt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

Soil Density ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Soil Scarification ◽

Physical Attributes ◽

Sustainable Agricultural Systems ◽

The Impact

Understanding and quantifying the impact of soil management and use on its physical properties are essential to the development of sustainable agricultural systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of agricultural gypsum, soil scarification and succession planting on the physical attributes of dystrophic red-yellow latosol in Porto Velho, Rondônia state (RO), Brazil. The treatments used were absence and application of 2000 kg ha-1 of gypsum, absence and use of soil scarification, and three types of crop succession: SF (soybean/fallow), SMF (soybean/maize/fallow) and SMBF (soybean/maize/brachiaria/fallow). A randomized block design was used on eight blocks, for a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Soil parameters assessed were macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, soil density, moisture content and penetration resistance. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The highest macroporosity and total porosity values were recorded in treatments with gypsum application and soil scarification. Penetration resistance was lower in the SMBF and SMF crop successions. There was no treatment effect on the soil density.

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